13.语言相对论Linguistic relativism
It refers to the belief that speakers of different languages perceive and experience the world differently, that is, relative to their linguistic background.
It’s hypothesis proposed by an American linguist Benjamin Lee Whorf concerning language and thought.
二、知识点
1.Three areas of the left hemisphere are vital to language:
 Broca’s area.     =Expression 
 Wernicke’s area=Understanding
Angular gyrus.    =converting a visual stimulus into an auditory form, vice versa
2.The human brain is the most complicated organ of the body.
3.The most important part of the brain is the outside surface of the brain---Cerebral cortex.
4.The Cortex is the decision-making organ of the body, receiving messages from all the sensory organs and initiating all voluntary actions
5.大脑侧化for major mental functions under control of each hemisphere
Left hemisphere  Right hemisphere
语言和言语
language ＆ speech  非语言声音的感知
perception of nonlinguistic sounds
分析性推理
analytic reasoning  整体性推理
holistic reasoning
时间安排
Temporal ordering  视觉和空间技能
visual ＆ spatial skills
读和写
reading ＆ writing  图案识别
recognition of patterns
计算和联想
calculation ＆associative thought  音乐旋律的识别
recognition of musical melodies
6.The process of lateralization is believed to be maturational.
7.Most individuals, the left hemisphere is dominant for language, regardless of handiness.
8.Evidence in support of lateralization for language in left hemisphere comes from researches in Dichotic listening tasks.两耳分听证明了左半球的侧化。
9.Righ hear advantage shows the left hemisphere is not superior for processing all sounds, but only for those that are linguistic in nature, thus providing evidence in support of view that the left side of the brain is specialized for language and that's where language centers reside.
右耳优势证明了大脑左半球并不是处理所有声音时都有优势，只是处理本质上是语言的声音时有优势：大脑左侧负责语言，语言中枢就位于这一部分。
10.法国外科医生Broca是第一个证明damage to a specific area of the brain results in a speech production deficit.
11.德国内科医生Carl Wernicke在1874发表的论文假设there was more than one language area in the left brain.
12.Angular gyrus lies behind Wernicke’s area.this area is crucial for the matching of a spoken form with a perceived object, for the naming of objects, for the comprehension of written language and require connections between visual and speech organs.
13.When we listen,the word is heard and comprehended via Wernicke’s area.
14.The critical period hypothesis refers to a period in one’s life extending from about two to puberty.   定义！！
15.Lenneberg的推断，推出了Cerebral plasticity.
16.判断题 A safe conclusion from Genie’s case for the moment is that the language faculty of an average human degenerates after the critical period and consequently, most linguistic skills cannot develop.
17. 早期学者针对语言和思想的观点
⑴Plato suggested that thought was the soul’s discourse with itself.
柏拉图认为语言和思想相互统一的。
⑵Aristotle, who argued that mankind could not have the same languages and that languages were but signs of psychological experiences.
亚里士多德认为语言只是人类体现的符号。
The debate between them, one being mentalist, other empiricist.
两个人的观点向背。一个是心灵主义，另一个是经验主义。
⑶Watson, thinking involved the same motor activities used in speaking, Bloomfield, thinking was a system of movements that had been reduced from actual speech to the point where they were no longer visible.
美国的Watson承袭了Plato的观点，Bloomfield提出了近似的观点。
18.填空The relationship between the name and the meaning of a word is quite arbitrary. !!!!
19.Language as a conventional coding system to express thought.
20.we recognize that language doesn’t so much determine the way we think as it influences the way we perceive the world and recall things, and affects the ease with which we perform mental tasks.
21.Major functions of language
⑴ a means of interpersonal communication.人际交流
⑵ a means of intrapersonal communication.自我交流
22.Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
他的假设证明了语言决定思想
   Sapir-Whorf hypothesis proposes that the language we speak determines the way we perceive the world and so the nature of thought.
三、问答题
1.in what cortical regions are speech and language thought to be localized?
In what have come to be known as Broca’s area, Wernicke’s area and angular gyrus, all located in the left hemisphere of the brain.
2.how In your opinion does language relate thought and culture?
Language doesn’t determine the way the speaker perceives the world, but largely functions as a means by which information can be stored and received, by which a culture transmits its belief, values and norms, and by which the speaker interacts other members of the cultures.
3.Describe the processes of language perception, comprehension and production.
It’s been proposed that the brain activity involved in hearing, understanding and then saying a word would follow a definite pattern,
when we listen, the word is heard and comprehended via Wernicke’s area, this signal is then transferred to Broca’s area where preparations are made to produce it. A signal is then sent to the motor area controlling the vocal tract to physically articulate the word.
When we speak, words are drawn from Wernicke’s area and sent to Broca’s area which determines the details of their form and pronunciation. The appropriate instructions are then sent to the motor area.
Chapter 10   Language Acquisition
一、定义
1.语言习得Language acquisition
Language acquisition refers to the development of the Child’s acquisition of his mother tongue or first language, i.e, how he comes to understand and to speak the language of his community.
2.输入Input
It refers to the language which a learner bears or receives and from which he or she can learn.
3.行为主义学习理论Behaviourist learning theory
It’s a theory of Psychology suggests that the learner’s verbal behaviour is conditioned or reinforced through association between a stimulus and response when applied to first language acquisition.
源自心理学的理论—行为主义,它认为儿童的语言行为是与他们所受刺激和随之的反应成相互条件的。
4.独词句One word holophrase / holophrase
It refers to a single word that appears in children’s early speech and functions as a complex idea or sentence.
5.电报式言语Telegraphic speech   属于early multiword 阶段
It refers to the early speech of children. it’s so called because it lacks the same sorts of words which adults typically leave out of telegrams(such as non-substantive words and inflectional morphemes).
也可以说成缺少inflectional morphemes and most minor lexical categories.
6.转移Language transfer
It refers to the learners will subconsciously use their knowledge in learning a second language. Transfer can be either positive or negative.
7.对比分析Contrastive Analysis
It refers to a comparative procedure used to establish linguistic differences between two languages so as to predict learning difficulties caused by interference from the learner’s first language and prepare the type of teaching materials that will reduce the effects of interference.
补充establish linguistic differences between native and target language systems.
8.错误分析Error Analysis
An approach to the study and analysis of the errors made by the second language learners which suggests that many learner errors are not due to the learner’ s mother tongue interference but reflect universal learning strategies such as over-generalization and simplification of rules.