一种研究和分析第二语言学习者所犯错误的方法.它指出语言学习者所犯的许多错误不是母语干扰所致而是体现了一些普遍的学习策略.如概括过度和规则简化。
9.语际语Interlanguage
The approximate language system that a second language learner constructs which represents his or her transitional competence in the target language.
第二语言学习这在学习过程中所构建的近乎目标语的语言体系，它体现了学习者在目标学习的过渡性语言能力。
10.语言僵化Fossilization
A process that sometimes occurs in second language learning in which incorrect linguistic features (such as the accent of a grammatical pattern) become a permanent part of the way a person speaks or writes in the target language.
11.工具性学习动机Instrumental motivation
The learner’s desire to learn a second language because its useful for some functional, ‘’instrumental’ goals, such as getting a job, passing an examination, or reading for information.
12.介入性学习动机Integrative motivation
The learner’s desire to learn a second language in order to communicate with native speakers of the target language.为了与人交流。
13.语言文化移入Acculturation
A process of adapting to the culture and value system of the second language community.
14.幼儿保育员言语Caretaker speech
Simple, modified speech used by parents, baby-sitter, ect. When they talk to young children who are acquiring their native language.
15.干扰Interference
The effect of one’s first language knowledge on the learning of a second language.
16.国际语法Universal Grammar
The different languages have  a similar level of complexity and detail, and reflect general abstract properties of the common linguistic system is called..
17.第一语言的习得the 1st language acquisition
The development of a first or native language is called the 1st language acquisition.
18.It’s normally assumed that, by the age of five, with an opening vocabulary of more than 2.000 words, children have completed the greater part of the language acquisition process.
19.语法系统发展
    语音 Phonology
    句法Syntax
    形态 Morphology
    词汇和语义Vocabulary and semantics
20.判断题Children first acquire the sounds found in all languages of the world, no matter what language they are exposed to, and in later stages acquire the ‘more difficult’ sounds.
21.The emergency of articulatory skills begins around the age when children start to produce babbling sounds.
22.Researchers are particularly interested in the increasing complexity of negative sentences in child language development. they have found that correction and reinforcement are not key factors in child language development.
23.判断题 SLA is primarily the study of how learners acquires or learn an additional language after they have acquired their first language.(L1)
24.美国的Stephenson Krashen区分了Acquisition和 Learning
  He said Acquisition refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.
  Learning, it is defined as a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of  a second language usually obtained in school settings.
25.判断题 The learner’s transitional competence moving along a learning continuum stretching from one’s L1competence to the target language competence.
26.About the interlanguage, specifically, it consists of a series of interlocking and approximate linguistic systems in-between and yet distinct from the learner’s native and target languages. It’s a product of L2learning, mother tongue interference, overgeneralization of the target language rules, and learning and communicative strategies of the learner.
语际语包含一系列与本族语和目的语的相关并相似的语言体系，既介于本族语和目的语之间，又不同于他们的语言体系。语际语是第二语言训练、母语干扰、对目的语语言规则概括以及学习者的学习和交际策略的综合产物。
27.判断题 although its found that formal instruction hardly affects the natural route of  SLA, it does provide opportunities to receive comprehensible input, and in so doing enables the classroom learner to perform a wider range of linguistic tasks than the naturalistic learner and thereby accelerates the rate of acquisition.
   尽管正规教学几乎不能影响第二语言习得的自然轨道，但却能为学习者提供接受可理解的输入信息的机会，这样做是课堂学习者比自然学习者所进行的第二语言学习得面要广一些，从而加速其习得过程。
28.学习者的个人因素Individual Learner Factors
最佳学习年龄The optimum age for 2nd language acquisition:
动机Motivation
语言文化移入Acculturation
学习者的个性Personality
三、问答题
1. what are the major individual factors for SLA?
The acquisition of a second language is dependent on a combination of factors.the rate and ultimate success in SLA are also affected by individual learner factors.
(1)The early years of one’s life before puberty;
(2)They must have strong motivation, instrumental or integrative;
(3)The extent to which learners differ in the process of adapting to the new culture of the L2 community, that is , acculturation.
(4)Learner’s personality.
2.Different theories of child language acquisition have been advanced, discuss two contrasting views with reference to the behaviorist learning model and the nativist biological model.
论述行为主义学习理论和生物先天论这两种相对立的观点。
The Behaviourist view:
language acquisition is a process of habit formation. Language is learned through stimulus and response. Reinforcement of selected responses is the key to understanding language development.
Children learn to produce correct sentences because they are positively reinforced when they say something right and negatively reinforced when they say something wrong.
语言习得是一个习惯培养的过程。语言是通过刺激与反应学习的。对有选择的反应的强化是理解语言发展的关键。儿童学会正确的使用语言，是因为他们正确的言语是得到积极强化而错误的言语得到消极强化。
The Nativist view:
language acquisition is the species---specific property of human beings, children are born with an innate ability to acquire language ,they are predisposed to develop their native language along a universal, predetermined route through similar stages. They go about acquiring the grammar of their native language using principles unique to language acquisition. 
语言习得是人类特有的特性。儿童生来就具有天生的学习语言的能力，他们生来就具有习得本族语的能力，其习得过程沿着一条普遍、自然的轨道，并经历相似的阶段。他们使用语言习得的特有天赋习得本族语的语法。
3.Discuss one major factor which contributes to the difficulties most second language learners encounter.
论述导致大多数第二语言学习者学习困难的一个主要因素。
It has been suggested by some SLA scholars that learning difficulties confronting adultL2 learners arise from the fact that for most people a second language is learned in a formal setting, rather han acquired in a natural environment .
Language acquisition is contrasted with language learning on the ground that acquisition is subconscious, focusing on meaning, which learning is conscious, focusing on form. Its argued that conscious knowledge of linguistic forms does not ensure acquisition of the rules, that is , does not ensure an immediate guidance for actual performance.
习得是无意识的，注重的是意义；学习是由意识的，注重的是形式。
4.Enumerate some causes that lead to the systematic occurrence of errors in second language acquisition.列举第二语言习得中出现系统性错误的一些原因
   Some major causes that lead to the systematic occurrence of errors in second language acquisition include
   (1)Interference from the mother tongue;母语干扰
   (2)Interlingual interference within the target language;目标语的语际语干扰