语言禁语Linguistic taboo
                委婉    Euphemism      from a Greek word
26.当五岁时,syntax is more standard,vocaulary is limited;十岁时,comparatively extensive vocabulary, structure of utterance doesnot differ from adults’speech.            
27.词汇方面，年龄和时代的不同is more noticeable across three generation time span than two-generation time span.
28.Language reflects deep-rooted sexist social attitude toward females by the way neutral terms are interpreted.
29.It’s one way out of the communication dilema is language standardization known as language planning.
30.Standard language is a supposed,socially prestigious dialect of language.
31.One specific aspect of situational use of language is address term usage.
32.委婉语portly,full-figured代fat,inexpensive代cheap,indisposed代sick.
33.The english system of adress terms称谓方法
frist name：Esperanto         last name : Du      title+last name : Mr.Du
title alone : Professor          kin term  : Dad
34.Christains的禁忌语”take the lord’s name in vain”,如hell,darn,
In England,”bloody”is a taboo word which originally referred to the blood of Christ,some”respectable”people consider it a horrid word on a par with obscene or profane language and constantly in the mouths of uneducated speakers.
35.overt thought或subvocal speech（均可用下面定义）
Language and thought may be viewed as indpenedent circles overlapping in some parts,where language and thought are consistent with each other and one never occurs without the other,
When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other,we may regard thought  as”subvocal speech”,and speech as”overt thought”.
三、问答题
1.特殊语域的区分how to distinguish a particular register from other registers?
⑴distinctive words
⑵using words or phrases in a particular way.
⑶speical grammatical constructions,such as scientific language,or legal language.
2.双语和双言的区分distinction between Bilingualism and Diglossia.
Bilingualism refers to a linguistic situation in which two standard languages are used in a speech community;in a diglossic community,two varieties of language are used for different situations,one being more standard and higher,and used for more formal matters,the other less prestigious,used for colloquial situations.
双言现象是一个社区有两种标准语，双言社区中，两种语言变体被用作不同的情景。一个较为标准，处于高层次；另一个较为口语化，声望不高。
3. 黑人英语的特点
⑴ one of the most prominent phonological features of black english is the simplification of a consonant cluster at the end of a word dropping the word-final phoneme.e.g.”desk”pronounced as/des/,“told” pronounced as /tou/;
音系特征，通过去掉词尾的音素简化位于词尾辅音连缀。
⑵one of the syntactic feature of black english is the absence of the copula,such as “they mine”,“you crazy”. Copula deletion as such occurs in some other english dialects,as well as in language like Arabic,Russian and chinese;
语法特征，经常缺失系词.
⑶the double negation construction with sentence like”I donot know nobody”.
语法特征，双重否定结构.
黑人英语的disinctive feature persis not for racial,but for social,educationa and economic reasons.
4.列举女性言语和男性言语相异的方面
List several ways of speech of women and men differ from each other.
⑴Women tend to use more presigious forms,more polite and indirect language,and more specific color terms than their male counterparts.
⑵Women use more questions than declarative statements than males.
5.Why is productivity unique to langauge?
⑴The productivity of language is the property which enables its users to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of utterances,including the novel utterances that they have never said heard before,
⑵The feature is unique to human langauge because most animal communication system appear to be highly restricted with respect to the number of different signals that their users can send and receive.
⑶For example,bee dancing is used only to indicate nectar sources,which is the only kind of message that can be sent through the meaning.
6.Why is syntax regarded as a system of rules?
As a major component of grammar,syntax consists of a set of abstract rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical setences.A sentence is considered grammatical when it conforms to the grammatical knowledge in the mind of native speakers.if,on the other hand,a sentence violates a rule according to which words are organized,then native speakers will judge it to be an impossible sentence of that langauge.
Universally found in the grammars of all human languages,syntactic rules comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a langauge speaker.
For any natural language,it's the set of rules that makes it possible for the speakers to produce,comprehend and memorize the vase number of sentences of their native language
Chapter 9 Psycholinguistics
一、定义
1.大脑皮层Cerebral Cortex
The outside surface of the brain which receives messages from all the sensory organs and where human cognitive abilities reside.
接受所有感觉器官传来的信息，是人的认知能力所存在的区域。
2.大脑侧化Brain Lateralization
The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain.
认知机能和感知机能位于大脑的某一半球。
3.语言侧化Linguistic lateralization
Hemispheric specialization or dominance for language.
4.两耳分听Dichotic Listening
A research technique which has been used to study how the brain controls hearing and language, with which subjects wear earphones and simultaneously receive different sounds in the right and left ear, and are then asked to repeat what they hear.
5.关键期the critical period
An early period of one’s life extending to the age of puberty, during which the human brain is most ready to acquire language naturally and effortlessly, a period that coincides with the period of brain laterlization for language functions.
6. The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis假设
A theory put forward by the American anthropological linguists Sapir and Whorf which states that the way people view the world is determined wholly or partly by the structure of their native language.
人们看世界的方式完全或部分地由他们母语的结构决定，
7.自我交际Interpersonal communication
The process of using language within the individual to facilitate one’s own thought and aid the formulation and manipulation of concepts.
语言使用者本人用语言促进自己的思维和帮助形成和使用概念的过程。
8.无声言语Subvocal Speech
A term used to refer to thought when thought and language are identical or closely parallel to each other.
用于指语言和思维是同一或近乎相同的.
9.神经元Neurons
Lying under the skull, the human brain contains an average of ten billion nerve cells called Neurons.
10.脑半球Hemispheres
The brain is divided into two roughly symmetrical halves, called hemisphere.
11.Broca’s area                French Surgeon: Paul Broca
The language centre in the frontal lobe in the left cerebral hemisphere is know as Broca’s area.
12.语言决定论Linguistic determinism
Whorf proposed that all higher levels of thinking are dependent on language, or put it more bluntly, language determines thought, hence the strong notion of linguistic determinism.