A marginal contact language with a limited vocabulary and reduced grammatical structures,used by native speakers of other languages as a means of business communication.
7.双言现象Diglossia
A sociolinguistic situation in which two very different varieties of language co-exist in a speech community,each serving a particular social function and used for a particular situation.
8.语言禁忌Linguistic taboo
An obscene,profane,or swear word or expression that is prohibited from general use by the educated and “polite”society.
9.委婉语Euphemism
A word or expression that is thought to be mild,indirect,or less offensive and used as a polite substitute for the supposedly harsh and unpleasant word or expression.
10.语码转换Code-Switching
It refers to a bilingual speaker foten uses two languages alternatively during a conversation with another bilingual speaker.人们在交际中根据需要轮流使用不同的语言、方言或其他变体。
11.语言变体Speech Variety
It refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or gourp of speakers.the distinctive characteristics of a speech variety may be lexical, phonological, morphological, syntactic,or a combination of linguistic features.
12.双语Bilingualism
It refers to a linguistic situation in which two standard languages are used either by an individual or by a group of speakers.
13.少数民族方言Ethnic Dialect
It refers to a phenomenon that within a society speech variation may come about cos of different ethnic backgrounds.
14.使用域Domain
It refers to a phenomenon that most bilingual communities have one thing in common,that’s, a fairly clear functional diferentiation of the two languages in respect of speech situations,for example, the home Domain,Employment Domain.
15.语言计划Language Planning
It’s certain authorities,such as the government choosees a particular speech variety and spread the use of it,including its pronunciation and spelling systems,across regional boundaries.
16.发音Accent
If refers to a way of pronunciation which tells the listener something about the speaker’s regional or social background.
17.习语Idiolect=Personal dialect
A personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines aspects of all the elements regarding regional,social,and stylistic variation,in one form or another.
18.混合语Creoles
It’s originally a pidgin that has become established as a native language in some speech community.e.g. French-based creoles spoken in Haiti and Louisiana.
19.语言情景Language Situation
A linguistic situation in which two standard language are used either by an individual or by a group of speakers,such as the inhabitants of a particular region or a nation. For example, in Canada, both english and french are official languages.
20.区域变体Regional Variation
Speech variation according to the particular area where a speaker comes from.e.g. American English and British English,ect.
21.语域变体Register Varieties=Situational Dialects
Registers are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech situations,in contrast to language varieties that are associated with the social or regional grouping of their customary users.
22.称呼术语Address Terms
An address term,or address form refers to the word or words used to address somebody in speech or writing.
23.俚语Slang
It’s a casual use of language that consists of expressive but nonstandard vocabulary,typically of arbitrary,flashy and often ephemeral coinages and figures of speech characterized by spontaneity and sometimes by raciness.
24. 社会语言学Sociolinguistics
It’s the subdiscipline of linguistics that studies language with in socical context.
二、知识点
1.Sociolinguists are concerned with the social singificance of language variation and language use in different speech communities including regional,ethnic and social groups.
2.In sociolinguistic studies,speakers are treated as memebers of social groups.
3.Social groups may be defined in a number of ways besides regionally.it may distinguish itself from rest of the community by its distinct ethnic affiliation.
4.Considered a more neutral term,speech variety is sometimes used intead of standard langauge,vernacular language,dialect,pidgin,creole,ect.
5.语言学家最感兴趣的三个语言变体Regional dialects,sociolects or social dialects and registers.
6.Regional variation of language is the most discernible and definable.
7.Stylistic variation in a person’s speech,or writing,usually ranges on a continuum from casual or colloquial to formal or polite according to the type of communicative situation.
8.判断题the standard language is a superposed,socially prestigious dialect of language,it's the langauge employed by the government and the judiciary system,used by the mass media,and taught in educational institutions,including school settings where the langaue is taught as a foreign or second language.
9.Language varieties other han the standard are called nonstandard,or vernacular languages.
10.The standard language of many countries,is also designated as the national or official language.
11.Lingua franca,an italian term literally meaning”frankish language”or”frankish tongue”.
12.The spoken language of modern china普通话embodies thepronunciation of the Beijing dialect, the grammar of Northern chinese dialects, the vocabulary of modern colloquial chinese.
13.通用语Lingua Franca和洋泾浜语Pidgin的区别
⑴Pidgin is used for some practical purposes,such as trading,by groups of people who donot know each other’s langauge.Lingua Franca may have native speakers such as English,
⑵Pidgin is not a native language of a particular region,but simply a marginal language used by people whose cultures are sharply separated and whoes business contact is very specialized.
14.The original Lingua Franca is believed to be an Indian-based pidgin used in Mediterranean ports
15.Most of the historical pidgins have become extinct.
16.The grammatical features such as case,tense,mood and voice are generally absent in pidgins,a pidgin typically lacks inflectional morphemes.
17.English-based pidgins are characterized by an absence of any complex grammatical morphology and a limited vocabulary.
18.Pidgins have strict rules for determining word orders to compensate for the lack of case endings on nouns.
19.Creoles最早来自长在南美洲的西班牙或葡萄牙裔。
20.Diglossia现象存在
⑴mostly in Arabic-speaking counties,
⑵Modern Greek,Swiss German and Haitian Creole.
⑶in Paraguay,spanish as the high variety and local Indian language Guarani as the low variety.
21.Bilingualism现象存在
⑴Canada: English and French
⑵Finland: Finnish and Swedish
⑶Belgium: French and Flemish Dutch
22.Most bilingual communities have one thing in common,that’s a fairly clear functional differentiation of the two languages in respect of speech situation known as domains.
23.An ethnic dialect is spoken mainly by a less priviledged population that has experienced form of social isolation,such as racial discrimination or segregation.
24.The most widespread and most familiar ethnic variety of the english langauge is Black English.
25.                教育变体Education varieties Socialect         
年龄变体Age varieties
Social Dialect     性别变体Gender varieties
社会方言        语域变体Register varieties
                称谓术语Address terms
                 俚语    Slang