3.词尾脱落Apocope
The deletion of a word-final vowel segment.
4.插入音Epenthesis
The insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word.
5.首字母缩略词Acronym
A word created by combining the initials of a number of words.
6.混合法Blending
A process  of forming a new word by combining parts of two other words.
7.缩写词Abbreviation
A shortened  form of a word or phrase which represents the complete form.
8.略写词Clipping
A kind of  abbreviation of otherwise longer words or phrases.
9.逆向构词法Back-formation
A process by which new words are formed by taking away he suffix of an existing word.
10.语义扩大化Semantic broadening
The process in which the meaning of a word becomes more general or inclusive than its historical earlier denotation.缩小less general or inclusive
11.原始语Protolanguage
The original form of a language family which has ceased to exist.
12.语系Family language
A group of historically related languages that have developed from a comon ancestral language.
13.同源词Cognate
A word in one language which is similar in form and meaning to a word in another language because both languages have descended from a common source.
14.语音同化Sound assimilation
The physiological effect of one sound on another.
15.内部借用Internal borrowing
The application of a rule from one part of the grammar to another part of the grammar by analogy to its earlier operation.
16.派生法Derivation
It refers to the process by which new words are formed by the addition of affixes to the roots, stems, or words.
17.语义转换Semantic shift
It’s a process of semantic change in which a word loses its former meaning and acquires a new, sometimes related meaning.
18.语义细化Elaboration
Rule elaboration occurs when there is a need to reduce ambiguity and increase communicative clarity or expressiveness.
19.古英语Old English
Old English dates back to the mid-fifth century when Anglo-Saxsons invaded b the British Isles from northern Europe.
20.中世纪英语Middle English    in 1066
Middle English began with the arrival of the Norman French invaders in England under William.
二、知识点
1.the historical study of language is of great importance to our understanding of human languages and human linguistic competence.
2.Language change is universal, continuous and, to a considerable degree, regular and systematic.
3.Middle English had been deeply influenced by Norman French in vocabulary and grammar.
4.in old English, nearly half of the nouns are inflected to mark nominative, genitive, dative, and accusative cases.
5.one of the most obvious change in English is the systematic and regular change in the Vowel Change.
6英语发展的三个历史时期及历史事件
  Old English(449-1100):
  Began with the invasion of the British Isles by English-speaking Anglo-
  Saxons from Europe, ended with the arrival of Norman French invaders
  historically known as the Norman Conquest.
  Middle English(1100-1500)
  It’s distinguished from the Old English period by the Norman Conquest.
  Shakespeare’s plays and Milton’s Poems 受欧洲文艺复兴运动影响最大。
  Modern English(1500 up to now)
  From the Modern English period as the result of the cultural influence
  of the European renaissance movement.
7.古英语和现代英语词的对比
  Old English           Modern English
Mann                      man
Wif                         woman
Cild                        child
Hus                        house
Mete                       food
Etan                        eat
Drincan                   drink
Feohtan                   fight
8.the most wide-spread morphological change in the historical development of English are the loss and addition of affixes.
9.As the result of Norman Conquest of 1066, vast quantities of French words were added to English vocabulary.
10.in general, linguistic change in the sound system and the vocabulary of a language is more noticeable than that in other systems of the grammar.
11.the ancient adjective agreement rule was dropped out of English mainly because the inflectional endings to show agreement in case, number and gender became distinct.
12.英语的语言变化linguistic change of English (loss, addition, change)
   声音Sound change              
   形态Morphological change
   句法Syntactic change
   语义Semantic change
   词汇Lexical change
13.Language change is essentially a matter of change in the Grammar.
14.Sound change includes changes in vowel sounds, and in the loss, gain and movement of sounds.
  Great Vowel Shift             Sound Loss               Sound Gain  
   Middle
E.  Modern
E.     Middle
E.  Modern E.     Middle
E.  Modern E.
Five  Fi:v  Faiv   Nicht/nixt  nait     Spinle  spindle
Mous  Mu:s  Maus   Goose/go:si  Gu:s     Film  Filum
口语发音
Feet  Fe:t  Fi:t   Name/na:ma  Neim     Glimse  Glimpse
Mood  Mo:d  Mu:d   Love/luv  l∧v     Timer  timber
Break  Brз:ken  Breik   Helpe尾音  Help消失         
Broke  Brc:ken  Brзuk               
15.The most widely-spread morphological changes in the historical development of English are the loss and addition of affixes.
16.Sound loss的特征或现象
⑴Voiceless velar fricative/x/ which existed in Old english words such as’’nicht’’,pronounced as /nixt/,the sound absent in the present-day form of ‘night’.
⑵ Consonant loss involves the/kn/ clusters in the word-initial position.  如goose    
⑶Systematic sound losses such as plural pronunciation rule has disappeared.
⑷Deletion of Word-final vowel segment, 如name.love
17.判断题a change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as Epenthesis.  (此现象属于sound addition)
例子
Spinle→spindle    emty→empty    glimse→glimpse     timer→timber
18.语音的移位
Sound change as a result of sound movement,known as metathesis.it involvesa reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments.一般是r的移位