精品译文

1）如果你想那样的话，那你就必须得多付钱。

2）如果你真的是想那样的话，那么你或许得需要稍微多付点钱。

20　1）It will be difficult to get my boss to agree to this.

2）It might not be very easy to get my boss to agree to this.

妙语点睛

在例句1）中，用will显得语气比较强硬。在例句2）中，用委婉的might，表示“或许”来缓和语气。其次，把difficult改成not very easy，给对方的感觉更好。

精品译文

1）这样就一定很难得到我们老板的同意了。

2）这样或许不太容易得到我们老板的同意。

21　1）We should spend more time looking for a compromise here.

2）Shouldn't we spend a little more time looking for a compromise here?

妙语点睛

这两句是在提建议。

在例句1）中，用should显得语气比较强硬。在例句2）中，用shouldn't委婉地否定反问，显得是在和对方商量，给人以礼貌的感觉。

精品译文

1）在这一点上，我们双方应该多花时间来寻找一个折中的办法。

2）在这一点上，我们双方是不是应该多花点时间来寻找一个折中的办法呢？

从以上各对例句的比较中，我们看到，在进行委婉的表达时，各类情态动词在其中起了根本的作用，其次才是结合疑问句式以及增添某些词语来共同表达委婉的语气。对于情态动词礼貌的表达作用，读者需要多加观察和用心体会。

尽管在本章中对于情态动词的意义和用法已作了较为详尽和系统的分析与比较，但不可能包括所有的用法。正如在“引言”里指出的，情态动词即是说话人微妙心态变化的反映，老外就是通过运用各种功能强大的情态动词以极其微妙的方式来“言传心声”的。所以，希望读者在英语学习过程中，继续观察、分析和体会情态动词这种微妙的使用规律，以逐渐习得英语思维。



写给读者的话



* * *



一、本章学习思路

正如在前面讲过的，对于情态动词的学习，可以从两个方面入手。一方面，以情态动词的推测用法和基本用法为主线，来探讨各个情态动词之间的相关性。另一方面，可以单独以各个情态动词为主线，对每个情态动词可能具有的语义功能给予总结和归纳。

由于在本章采用的主要是第一种阐述方式，因此，读者可以此作为主要的学习途径。

另外，在涉及情态动词的虚拟用法时，读者应该结合第七章的相关内容来学习。

二、本章重点及难点

总体来说，情态动词的意义和用法都是比较难的，非常微妙。在诸多内容中，建议读者重点掌握下面这些用法：

1．对现在推测的用法；

2．对过去推测的用法；

3．在表示过去的能力时，could与was/were able to的区别；

4．表示“请求”的各个句型。

最后，对其他用法要有所了解。

三、本章学习时间安排

读者可以用两周左右的时间研读完所讲解的内容，并做完每节后面的练习，然后从头复习一遍或两遍，最后用两天左右的时间来做后面的综合练习，并结合所给的答案搞清楚每题的考点及情态动词的意义。



* * *





综合练习



* * *



请根据句义，选出正确的情态动词。

1．We are enjoying our holiday, though the weather (could, must) be better.

2．We (could, might) go to that new restaurant opposite the cinema.

3．How about going to the theater instead. We (could, should) go to the theater instead.

4．I don't know how she knows, but Mom (can, may) always detect when I'm lying.

5．Nobody else is going to turn up now for the lesson, so you (have to, may as well) go home.

6．No member of the association (shall, will) remove official documents from these premises without written permission.

7．The peace conference (may, has to) find a solution to the problem.

8．Rule 6. No member (shall, should) enter the bar area wearing sports kit.

9．The heating comes on automatically. You (must not, don't have to) turn it on.

10．It's a lovely hotel. And the staff (couldn't, might not) be more helpful.

11．You (could, may) be right, but I still don't agree with you!

12．I am sure Nick wasn't there. That (can't have been, shouldn't have been) Nick that you saw.

13．You (had to give, might have given) me a hand!

14．I caught a later train because I (had to see, must have seen) a client.

15．I suppose Bill (should have lost, might have lost) his way.

16．I don't know who rang, but it (could, must) have been Jim.

17．The situation was bad but it (could be, may have been, could have been) worse.

18．It's a pity you didn't ask because I (could help, could have helped) you.

19．It's your own fault, you (can't have, shouldn't have gone) to bed so late.

20．I was so angry that I (might, may) have killed her.

21．You screamed in your sleep last night. You (might have, might have had) a terrible dream.

22．Harry studies a lot. He (should know, should have known) all the answers.

请选出与所给句子在意思上最接近的解释。

23．It's possible that we'll know the answers tomorrow.

A．We may know all the answers tomorrow.

B．We should know all the answers tomorrow.

24．It's possible that the decision will be announced next week.

A．The decision might be announced next week.

B．The decision will be announced next week.

25．I know. Why don't we go out to eat instead.

A．I know. We must go out to eat instead.

B．I know. We could go out to eat instead.

26．Perhaps these are the keys.

A．These might be the keys.

B．These must be the keys.

27．I think it's wrong for you to work so hard.

A．You don't have to work so hard.

B．You shouldn't work so hard.

28．You needn't come if you don't want to.

A．You won't come if you don't want to.

B．You don't have to come if you don't want to.

29．It would be quite wrong for us to lock the dog in the house for a week.

A．We'd better not lock the dog in the house for a week.

B．We can't lock the dog in the house for a week.

30．I don't think you should ring him now. It's rather late.

A．You might not ring him now. It's rather late.

B．You'd better not ring him now. It's rather late.

请根据句义填空。

31．Peter wasn't here, so he_______(break) your vase.

32．I'm sure Jack didn't mean to ignore you. He_______(notice) you.

33．That was a lucky escape! We_______(kill)!

34．The meat is a bit burnt. You_______(cook) it for so long. I did tell you!

35．There were plenty of tickets left for the concert. We_______(buy) them in advance.

36．Sally got home at four o'clock this morning. The party_______(be) really good.

37．Thank you very much for buying me flowers. You______(buy) me flowers.

38．I don't believe that you have lost your keys again! You______(lose) your keys again.

39．Mary was a talented violinist at the age of ten. She_______(play) the violin very well when she was ten.

40．Perhaps they didn't notice the tire was flat. They_______(notice) the tire was flat.

41．Our worrying so much was a waste of time. We________(worry) so much.

42．It's possible that the last person to leave didn't lock the door. The last person to leave_______(lock) the door.

43．They hurried there, only to find the meeting was cancelled. In fact, they________(go) there.

44．She paid him and walked off. Then she realized that he_______(not, be) a deaf mute. How did she know? He must have heard her initial instructions or he_______(not, know) where to take her.

45．A: It seems to rain. I guess I________(bring) my umbrella.

B: It would be nice to have one but how________you_______(know) that this morning?

46．"If you sit too close to the television, you'll ruin your eyes." Sound familiar? You_______(hear) this warning as a child. People sit too close to the television because they already can't see very well. This may give them tired eyes or a headache, but it won't make their eyesight any worse.

请选择最佳答案填空。

47．As it turned out to be a small house party, we_______so formally.

A．needn't dress up

B．did not need have dressed up

C．did not need dress up

D．needn't have dressed up

48．You can't imagine that a well-behaved gentleman__________be so rude to a lady.

A．might

B．need

C．should

D．would

49．It has been announced that candidates________remain in their seats until all the papers have been collected.

A．can

B．will

C．may

D．shall

50．It is unthinkable that he_________be so careless.

A．will

B．would

C．shall

D．should

51．The boss has promised that every player in NBA__________have a rise in income.

A．would

B．might

C．shall

D．should

52．A man wants to see you, sir._________he wait outside?

A．Will

B．Shall

C．Would

D．Ought

53．He was a good swimmer so he_________swim to the river bank when the boat sank.

A．could

B．might

C．succeeded to

D．was able to

54．Oh, I'm not feeling well in the stomach．I_________so much fried chicken just now.

A．shouldn't eat

B．mustn't have eaten

C．shouldn't have eaten

D．mustn't eat

55．Several cases have been reported recently of people who________read and detect colors with their fingers.

A．should

B．can

C．will

D．could

56．No one expect his secretary_________go straight into his office without permission.

A．can

B．is able to

C．will

D．is not allowed to

57．She was absent for the first time yesterday. She_________sick.

A．must be

B．has been

C．is

D．must have been

58．He did very badly on the exam. He_________harder.

A．must study

B．must have studied

C．should study

D．should have studied

59．I________to him because he phoned me shortly afterwards.

A．ought to have written

B．must have written

C．couldn't have written

D．needn't have written

60．He_________ten lectures on American history, but he only gave two because of his illness.

A．had given

B．would give

C．must have given

D．should have given

61．We did hold a meeting yesterday, but you________. So we did not inform you.

A．did not need attending

B．needn't attending

C．did not need to attend

D．needn't attend

62．We came early and had to wait two hours before the ceremony began. We_______.

A．should not hurry

B．must not have hurried

C．need not hurry

D．need not have hurried

63．"Have you paid your telephone bill?"

"No, but I________yesterday."

A．ought to pay it

B．ought to have paid it

C．must pay it

D．must have paid it

64．He__________pull down a bull and acknowledged as a man with superman strength.

A．used to be able to

B．would be able to

C．should be able to

D．might be able to

65．Some women_________a good salary in a job instead of staying home, but they decided not to work for the sake of the family.

A．must make

B．should have made

C．would make

D．could have made

66．I didn't send out my application form last week, but I_______.

A．had

B．would do

C．should have

D．might have to

67．Mary_________my letter; otherwise she would have replied before now.

A．has received

B．ought to have received

C．couldn't have received

D．shouldn't have received

68．You_________him so closely; you should have kept your distance.

A．shouldn't follow

B．mustn't follow

C．couldn't have been following

D．shouldn't have been following





附录　答案解析


第一章　简单句与复合句

Exercise 1.1

1．这里是对介词短语with one hand所作的成分有不同的解释。在说话者A的话语中，with one hand是作状语，修饰谓语lift，表示“用一只手就能够把一头猪举起来”。但在B的话语中，with one hand是作定语，修饰pig，表示“只有一条腿的猪”。

2．这里是对介词短语with a wooden leg所作的成分有不同的解释。在顾客的话语中，with a wooden leg是作定语，修饰man，表示“装有一支木头假腿的男子”。但理发师把with a wooden leg误解成是作状语，修饰shaved，表示“用一支木头腿来给一个男子刮脸”。于是，他立即否定说道“不是，我总是用剃刀来给他刮脸”。



Exercise 1.2

1．她独身一辈子，直到去世都未嫁人。

2．他18岁到北京，当时身无分文，但现在已是一家跨国公司的总裁了。

3．这本书过期一周了，我一定要被罚款了。

4．史密斯先生死的时候已经是一个大学的校长了。

相当于说“Mr. Smith was a university president when he died.”

5．他当时在装傻。

6．他当时的行动非常愚蠢。

7．C。表示行为愚蠢，所以要用副词foolishly来修饰acted。

8．A。act是系动词，后接形容词sick作表语。

9．A。形容词safe是补充说明主语，作主语补足语。

10．B。stay是系动词，所以其后接形容词，作表语。



Exercise 1.5

1．a thief是间接宾语；enough rope是直接宾语。可以用to改写成：Give enough rope to a thief。

精品译文：多行不义必自毙。

2．me是间接宾语；a good novel是直接宾语。可以用to改写成：Can you recommend a good novel to me?

精品译文：你能给我推荐一部好的小说吗？

3．them是间接宾语；a hut是直接宾语。可以用for改写成：He built a hut for them.

精品译文：他为他们建造了一个小木屋。

4．himself是间接宾语；a bottle of champagne是直接宾语。可以用for改写成：He ordered a bottle of champagne for himself.

精品译文：他为自己点了一瓶香槟。

5．me是间接宾语；an interesting novel是直接宾语。可以用for改写成：Will you choose an interesting novel for me?

精品译文：你愿意为我挑选一本有趣的小说吗？

6．me是间接宾语；a few minutes of your valuable time是直接宾语。可以用for改写成：Can you spare a few minutes of your valuable time for me?

精品译文：我能占用你几分钟宝贵的时间吗？

7．me是间接宾语；anything是直接宾语。可以用to改写成：Jack doesn't owe anything to me.

精品译文：杰克不欠我任何东西。

8．you是间接宾语；a favor是直接宾语。可以用of改写成：May I ask a favor of you?

精品译文：我能请你帮个忙吗？

9．you是间接宾语；a lot of time是直接宾语。可以用for改写成：That will save a lot of time for you。

精品译文：那样会为你节省很多时间。

10．the author是间接宾语；a Nobel Prize是直接宾语。可以用for改写成：The novel won a Nobel Prize for the author。

精品译文：这部小说为其作者赢得了诺贝尔奖。

11．me是间接宾语；three dollars是直接宾语。该句不能改写。

精品译文：这花了我三美元。



Exercise 1.6

1．grow fonder是宾语补足语；不带to的不定式作宾补。

精品译文：久别情深。

2．thirty-three times their original size是宾语补足语；名词短语作宾补。

精品译文：17世纪的望远镜能够把物体放大33倍。

3．speechless是宾语补足语，形容词作宾补。

精品译文：这名男生一番刻薄的话让老师无言以对。

4．over是宾语补足语，副词作宾补。

精品译文：主席宣布会议结束。

5．medium是宾语补足语，形容词作宾补。

精品译文：我喜欢牛排半分熟。

6．free是宾语补足语，形容词作宾补。

精品译文：迪克把笼中的动物放跑了。

7．black是宾语补足语，形容词作宾补。

精品译文：锅说水壶黑／半斤八两／五十步笑百步。



综合练习

1．B。本题考查复合宾语结构：consider A B，表示“把A看作是B”。

精品译文：Willa Cather认为她那部描写19世纪内布拉斯加州生活的小说《我的安东尼奥》是她最好的一部作品。

2．B。本题考查复合宾语结构：make A B，表示“使A成为B”。

精品译文：Carrie Mae Weems在拍摄照片时，常常把自己的家人作为照片拍摄的对象。这些照片深刻反映了非洲裔美国人的经历，并表达了对他们的深厚情感。

3．B。本题考查复合宾语结构：name A B，表示“任命A成为B”。

精品译文：尤利塞斯·格兰特上台成为美国总统的第一个任命就是，任命塞内卡族首领Donehogawa作为处理印度事务的特使。

4．C。本题考查复合宾语结构：consider A B，表示“把A看作是B”。

精品译文：小说家Edith Wharton认为作家Henry James对自己的作品有很大的影响。

5．C。本题考查复合宾语结构：make A B，表示“使A成为B”。

精品译文：蓝宝石可以使紫外线和红外线的辐射穿透，这使得其在光学仪器中得到广泛的应用。

6．C。本题考查复合宾语结构：appoint A B，表示“授予A成为B”。

精品译文：在1993年，美国国会图书馆授予作家Rita Dove美国“桂冠诗人”称号。

7．D。本题考查双宾语结构：win somebody something。这里D选项中a work是作为同位语，补充说明The Old Man and the Sea。然后在work后边接一个定语从句。

精品译文：在1952年，欧内斯特·海明威发表了小说《老人与海》，这部作品为他赢得了1954年度的诺贝尔文学奖。

8．C。本题考查双宾语结构：win somebody something。A和B选项有was作谓语，错误；D选项误用了介词for，应该说成：win something for somebody，而不是for something。

精品译文：Barbara McClintock在遗传学领域的研究成果，为她赢得了1983年的诺贝尔奖。

第二章　名词从句

Exercise 2.1

1．Whether she comes is unimportant to me.

2．Whether we shall have the match remains uncertain.

3．I wonder whether we should wait for him.

4．No one knows exactly whether there is life on other planets.

5．I am interested in the question whether people will live on the moon someday.

6．My question is whether we have enough time to go to the movie.