容，不包含任何数据。一般指示型摘要只有几
个简单句子，篇幅短小，30～50个词。
 
指示性摘要例1 
Management and application of process planning resource database in CAPP
CAPP中工艺资源数据库的管理与应用
Abstract：A structure of an integrated CAPP system is presented. The functional model of process planning resource management in CAPP is built up, and the integrated data management of process resource database and its application in CAPP are achieved.
    提出一个集成化CAPP系统的总体结构，建立CAPP中工艺资源管理模块的功能模型，实现工艺资源数据库在 CAPP中的集成管理
和应用。
 
指示性摘要例2 
Studies on dynamics of the clutch optimizing engaged –schedule of bus AMT
大客车AMT的离合器最佳接合规律动力学研究 
Abstract ：The process of the clutch engagement when starting the automobile is introduced. The influencing factors of clutch engagement are discussed. The regular model of clutch engagement and the five – freedom dynamics model of the tow wheels of the bus are established. 
分析了汽车起步时离合器的接合过程，讨论了影响离合器接合的因素，建立了离合器接合规律及大客车两轮5自由度纵向动力学模型. 
 
指示性摘要例2（续）
The restriction equations of the clutch engagement are developed. Finally, the optimized AMT clutch engagement for buses is presented in this paper.
导出了离合器整个接合过程的约束方程。进而给出适用于大客车AMT离合器的最佳接合规律。
 
指示性摘要例3
The design of the structure and controlling software for tool magazine in the teaching type machining center 
教学型加工中心刀库结构及控制软件设计 
Abstract:  Taking the tool magazine design of V400 vertical machining center as an example, discusses the tool magazine structure characteristics of teaching type Machining center, propose the realization method for software of tool magazine controlling system on the basis of modularized IPC opening
numerical controlling system.
以V400立式加工中心刀库设计为例，探讨了教学型加工中心刀库结构的特点，并针对基于IPC的模块化开放式数控系统，提出了刀库
控制系统软件的实现方法。
 
（二）信息-指示型摘要
   信息-指示型摘要（informative-indicatives abstract）是一种混合型摘要，即它是一篇可以同时兼有信息型和指示型的摘要。它可以基本上属于其中一种体裁，而在某种程度上兼有另一种体裁的特征。篇幅稍长于指示型摘要，50~100词之间。
 
（二）信息-指示型摘要例1
Engineering Development Studies for Integrated Evacuated CPC Array: Interim Technical Progress Report
Abstract: An improvement in optical efficiency over contemporary external reflector evacuated tube collectors was achieved by integrating the reflectors surface into the outer glass envelope. The design, fabrication and testing results are described for a prototype collector based on this concept. Efficiencies above 40% up to 300℃ are achieved. A comprehensive testing program to measure performance and operational characteristics of a 2m2 panel (45 tubes) is being carried out.    
中译文：通过把反射器表面与外玻璃封壳相结合，实现了目前的外部反射器抽空管集热器
光效率的改善。本文描述了基于这一概念的一台集热器样机的设计、制作和测试结果。所
达到的效率高于40%，温度达到300℃。目前正在进行一项2m2集热板(安装45只管子。)
的性能和工作特性的综合测试计划。 
 
（二）信息-指示型摘要例2
A broad-band amplifier output network design
Abstract: An analytic design method for a lossy gain-compensating network is presented and the advantages of Lossy networks are discussed. Examples of two-stage Amplifiers using PETs and bipolar transistors are Presented to show the feasibility of this particular network in low 
power Amplifier designs. 
宽频带放大器输出网络设计
本文介绍了有损增益补偿网络的一分析性设计方法，并讨论了有损网络的优越性。文中举出了采用场效应管和双极晶体管的双级放大器实例。
 
（二）信息-指示型摘要例2 (续)
These amplifiers obtain gains of  15.4dB±0.5dB with a 2.5dB maximum noise figure in the 4.0-6.0GHz frequency range and 16.5dB±1.2dB with a maximum input VSWR of 1.78:1 over the 1.0-2.0 GHz frequency range, respectively.
这些放大器的增益在频率为4.0-6.0GHz 时为15.4dB±0.5dB, 其最大噪声指数为2.5dB；频率为1.0-2.0 GHz时为16.5dB±1.2dB，其最大输出电压驻波比为1.78:1.
 
（三）信息型摘要
   信息型摘要即报道型摘要，也称资料型摘要。它用来报道论文的研究目的、方法、结果和结论。实质上，它是整篇论文的高度浓缩。
   一般来讲，目前科技期刊中学术类文章的英文摘要属于信息型，也是目前最多的一种，也是我们主要讨论的一种摘要。篇幅较长，100～150词为宜。(不超过250词)
 
（三）信息型摘要组成
1. 目的：即本文的目的或要解决的问题（What I want to do ?）。一般来说，一篇好的英文摘要，一开头就应该把作者本文的目的或要解决的主要问题非常明确地交待清楚。
2.  方法：即论文的主要工作过程及所采用的技术手段或方法，还包括众多的边界条件，使用的主要设备及仪器仪表等。对新的技术手段则应清楚的描述其基本原理、应用范围及所达到的精度、误差等。（How I did it ?）
 
（三）信息型摘要组成
3.  结果：结果应力求简明而富有信息性，可以是所获得的实验数据、实验结果及关系式，也可以是理论性成果，还可以是所关注的相关联系及观察到的主要现象。
（What results did I get ?）
4.  结论：即阐明成果蕴含的意义，特别阐述这种意义是怎样与研究目的相联系。
（What conclusions can I draw ?）
（为了避免重复，有些摘要中结果和结论紧密结合在一起写。）        
 
（三）信息型摘要组成
    结果和结论代表着文章的主要成就和贡献，论文有没有价值，值不值得读者阅读，主要取决于你所获得的结果和所得出的结论。因此，在写作结果和结论部分时，一般都要尽量结合实验结果或仿真结果的图、表、曲线等来加以说明，使结论部分言之有物，有根有据。
    此外，如有可能，在结尾部分还可以将论文的结果和他人最新的研究结果进行比较，以突出论文的主要贡献和创新、独到之处。（What is new and original in this paper?）
 
（三）信息型摘要例1
Composing Letters With a Simulated Listening Typewriter
Abstract: An aim of the experiments is to determine if an imperfect listening typewriter would be useful for composing letters. Participants dictated, either in isolated words or in consecutive word speech. This was carried out with simulations of listening typewriters that recognized either a limited vocabulary or an unlimited vocabulary. 
中译文：本实验的目的是要确定一台尚不完善的听写打字机能否用来写信。实验者口授信函时，有时一字一字口授，有时是连续的话语口授。他们口授时，听写打字机便做模拟工作；听写打字机有的能识别有限量词语，有的则能识别无限量词语。
 
（三）信息型摘要例1 （续）
Results show that some versions, even upon first using them, are at least as good as traditional methods of handwriting and dictating. Isolated word speech with large vocabularies may provide the basis for a useful listening typewriter.
    结果表明，即使第一次使用听写打字机，有一些样信的效果就和传统耳听、手写的效果一样好。具有较大词汇量的逐词口授将成为可用的听写打字机的依据。
 
（三）信息型摘要例2
Light Radiation From pulsed Discharges in WaterAbstract: Aim  To study the characteristics of plasma radiation from pulsed discharges in water. Methods    Pyrometer- oscilloscope system was sued to measure the brightness of the plasma radiation. The spark channel temperature and the distributions of the irradiance as a function of wavelength were obtained through a greybody radiation model. 
水中高压脉冲放电的光辐射研究
摘要：目的    研究水中高压脉冲放电的光辐射性质。方法    通过高温计-示波器系统，测量放电的光谱辐射亮度；采用灰体辐射模型，计算放电通道的温度和发射率；结合放电的电特性，分析这一过程中等离子体的光辐射
特性。
 
（三）信息型摘要例2（续）
Results For a stored capacitor energy of 312.5J, the spark channel temperature of 5×104 K was obtained with a peak current of 50kA. Most of the plasma radiation energy is distributed in the far ultraviolet region of the spectrum (10-200nm). Conclusion  Radiation of plasma underwater corresponds to its electric characteristics. Ultraviolet radiation is one of the principal form of energy which is released from a pulsed discharge in water.
结果  在电容器储能为312.5 J、最大峰值电流为50kA的条件下，计算得到
的最高温度约为5×104 K。光辐射能量的绝大部分布在远紫外线的范围（10-200nm）。
结论    水中放电的光辐射特性对应于放电的电特性。紫外光辐射是放电等离子体的主要释能方式之一。
 
机械工程专业英语   作业  English in  Mechanical Engineering (home work)
将下列英文摘要翻译成中文：
Composing Letters With a Simulated Listening Typewriter
Abstract: An aim of the experiments is to determine if an imperfect listening typewriter would be useful for composing letters. Participants dictated, either in isolated words or in consecutive word speech. This was carried out with simulations of listening typewriters that recognized either a limited vocabulary or an unlimited vocabulary. Results show that some versions, even upon first using them, are at least as good as traditional methods of handwriting and dictating. Isolated word speech with large vocabularies may provide the basis for a useful listening typewriter.
 


10机械工程专业英语  第十课
 
科技英语英文摘要撰写 Writing an Abstract of English for Science and Technology