21.  The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a(n) ______.
    A. bound morpheme       B. bound form   
    C. inflectional morpheme   D. free morpheme
22. The compound word “bookstore” is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound  ______.
A.  is the sum total of the meaning of its components
B.  can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemes
C.  is the same as the meaning of a free phrase.
D.  None of the above.
23. The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part of speech of _______.
   A. the first element              B. the second element
   C. either the first or the second element
 D. both the first and the second elements.
24. _______ are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.
 A. Free  morphemes           B. Bound morphemes    C. Bound words        D. Words
25. _____ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.
A. Syntax               B.Grammar      C. Morphology             D. Morpheme
26.  The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.
A. lexical             B. morphemic      C. grammatical                 D. semantic
27.  Bound morphemes are those that ___________.
A.   have to be used independently
B.   can not be combined with other morphemes
C.  can either be free or bound
D.  have to be combined with other morphemes.
28.  ____ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.
 A. Prefixes          B. Suffixes     C. Roots               D. Affixes
29.  _____ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists.
A. Words        B. Morphemes     C. Phonemes       D. Sentences
30.  “-s” in the word “books” is  _______.
A. a derivative affix            B. a stem   C. an inflectional affix           D. a root
IV. Define the following terms:
 31. morphology          32. inflectional morphology  33. derivational morphology  
34. morpheme     35. free morpheme     36. bound morpheme    37. root     38. affix
39. prefix        40. suffix      41. derivation         42. Compounding
V. Answer the following questions:
43.  What are the main features of the English compounds?
44.  Discuss the types of morphemes with examples.

I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:
l.T  2.F    3.T   4.T   5.T   6.T   7.T   8.F   9.F   10.T
II. II. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:
11. Morpheme  12. grammatical  13. Bound  14. derivative  15.Derivative
16. suffix    17. Compounding   18. morphological   19. derivation  20. stem
III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:
2l.D   22.D   23.B   24.B   25.C   26. C   27. D   28. A   29. B   30. C
IV. Define the following terms:
31.  Morphology: Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.
32.  inflectional morphology: The inflectional morphology studies the inflections
33. derivational morphology: Derivational morphology is the study of word- formation.
34.  Morpheme: It is the smallest meaningful unit of language.
35.  free morpheme: Free morphemes are the morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves or in combination with oth-er morphemes.
36.    bound morpheme: Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used indepen-dently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.
37.  Root: A root is often seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself al-though it bears clear, definite meaning; it must be combined with another root or an affix to form a word.
38.  Affix: Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational. Inflectional affixes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories, while derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word.
39.  Prefix: Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word . Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem, but they usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.                 
40.  Suffix: Suffixes are added to the end of the stems; they modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.
41.  Derivation: Derivation is a process of word formation by which derivative affixes are added to an existing form to create a word.
42.  Compounding: Compounding can be viewed as the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.
V. Anwser the following questions:
43.  What are the main features of the English compounds?
  Orthographically a compound can be written as one word, two separate words with or without a hyphen in between. Syntactically, the part of speech of a compound is determined by the last element. Semantically, the meaning of a compound is idiomatic, not calcu-lable from the meanings of all its components. Phonetically, the word stress of a compound usually falls on the first element.
44. Discuss the types of morphemes with examples.
    Free morphemes: They are the independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves, for example, “book-” in the word “bookish”.
    Bound morphemes: They are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word such as “-ish” in “bookish”. Bound morphemes can be subdivided into roots and affixes. A root is seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it has a clear and definite meaning, such as “gene-” in the word “generate”. Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as “-s” in the word “books” to indicate plurality of nouns. Derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word such as “mis-” in the word “misinform”. Derivational affixes can also be divided into prefixes and suffixes. Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word such as “dis- ” in the word “dislike”, while suffixes occur at the end of a word such as “-less” in the word “friendless”.

Chapter 4：Syntax  
I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:
1. Syntax is a subfied of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language, including the combination of morphemes into words.
2.Grammatical sentences are formed following a set of syntactic rules.
3. Sentences are composed of sequence of words arranged in a simple linear order, with one adding onto another following a simple arithmetic logic.
4.Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules that comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speak-er are known as linguistic competence.
5. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.
6. In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other.
7. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.
8. Minor lexical categories are open because these categories are not fixed and new members are allowed for.
9. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase.
10. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.
11.What is actually internalized in the mind of a native speaker is a complete list of words and phrases rather than grammatical knowledge.
12. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.
13. It is believed that phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure.
14. WH-movement is obligatory in English which changes a sentence from affirmative to interrogative.
II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:
15. A s________ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a sub-ject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.
16.A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.
17.A s______ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate.
18. The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says something about the subject is grammatically called p_________.
19. A c_________ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other.
20. In the complex sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause is normally called an e_______ clause.
21. Major lexical categories are o___ categories in the sense that new words are constantly added.
22. A _____ Condition on case assignment states that a case assignor and a case recipient should stay adjacent to each other.
23. P_______ are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate in one way or another and contribute to significant linguistic variations between and among natural languages.
24. The theory of C____ condition explains the fact that noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions.
III. There are four given choices for each statement below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:
25.  A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to the grammatical-cal knowledge in the mind of native speakers.
A. right       B. wrong    C. grammatical     D. ungrammatical
26.  A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.
A. coordinator   B. particle     C. preposition    D. subordinator
27. Phrase structure rules have ____ properties.
A. recursive       B. grammatical   C. social      D. functional
28. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand  ____________
A.  how words and phrases form sentences.
B.  what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of words
C.  how people produce and recognize possible sentences
D.  All of the above.
29. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called ________.
A. transformational rules
B. generative rules
C. phrase structure rules
D. x-bar theory
30. The theory of case condition accounts for the fact that __________.
A. noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions.
B. noun phrases can be used to modify another noun phrase
C. noun phrase can be used in adverbial positions
D. noun phrase can be moved to any place if necessary.
31. The sentence structure is ________.
A. only linear B. Only hierarchical  C. complex D. both linear and hierarchical  
32.  The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.
A. large       B. small     C. finite        D. infinite  
33. The ________ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences
 A. lexical       B. morphological  C. linguistic     D. combinational
34._______ rules may change the syntactic representation of a sentence.
 A. Generative   B. Transformational    C. X-bar    D. Phrase structure  
IV. Define the following terms:
35. syntax  36. Sentence  37. coordinate sentence   38. syntactic categories
39. grammatical relations   40. linguistic competence 41. transformational rules
42. D-structure
V. Answer the following questions:
43.  What are the basic components of a sentence?
44.  What are the major types of sentences? Illustrate them with examples.
45.  Are the elements in a sentence linearly structured? Why?
46.  What are the advantages of using tree diagrams in the analysis of sentence structures?
47.  What is NP movement. Illustrate it with examples.

I.  Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:
l.F   2.T   3.F   4.T   5.T   6.T   7.T   8.F   9.F   10.T   11.F   12.T 13.T  14.T
II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:
15. simple, 16. sentence  17. subject  18. predicate  19. complex  20.embedded  21. open  22.adjacency  23.Parameters  24.Case
III. There are four given choices for each statement below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:
25. D 26. D  27. A  28. D  29. A  30. A
31. D  32. C  33. D  34. B
IV. Define the following terms:
35.  syntax: Syntax is a subfield of linguistics. It studies the sentence structure of language. It consists of a set of abstract rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences.
36.  Sentence: A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command. Normally, a sentence consists of at least a subject and a predicate which contains a finite verb or a verb phrase.
37.  coordinate sentence: A coordinate sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word called coordinating conjunction, such as "and", "but", "or".
38.  syntactic categories: Apart from sentences and clauses, a syntactic category usually refers to a word (called a lexical category) or a phrase ( called a phrasal category) that performs a particular grammatical function.
39. grammatical relations: The structural and logical functional relations of constituents are called grammatical relations. The grammatical relations of a sentence concern the way each noun phrase in the sentence relates to the verb. In many cases, grammatical relations in fact refer to who does what to whom .
40. linguistic competence: Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker known as linguistic competence.
41. Transformational rules: Transformational rules are the rules that transform one sentence type into another type.
42. D-structure: D- structure is the level of syntactic representation that exists before movement takes place. Phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure.
V. Answer the following questions:
43.  What are the basic components of a sentence?
Normally, a sentence consists of at least a subject and its predicate which contains a finite verb or a verb phrase.
44.  What are the major types of sentences? Illustrate them with examples.
    Traditionally, there are three major types of sentences. They are simple sentence, coordinate( compound) sentence, and complex sentence. A simple sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence, for example:
           John reads extensively.
    A coordinate sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word that is called coordinating conjunction, such as "and", "but", "or". For example:
       John is reading a linguistic book, and Mary is preparing
       for her history exam.
    A complex sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other. The two clauses in a complex sentence do not have equal status, one is subordinate to the other. For exam-ple:
Before John gave her a lecture, Mary showed no interest in lin-guistics.
45.  Are the elements in a sentence linearly structured? Why?
    No. Language is both linearly and hierarchically structured. When a sentence is uttered or written down, the words of the sentence are produced one after another in a sequence. A closer examination of a sentence shows that a sentence is not composed of sequence of words arranged in a simple linear order with one adding onto another following a simple arithmetic logic. In fact, sen-tences are also hierarchically structured. They are orga-nized by grouping together words of the same syntactic category, such as noun phrase (NP) or verb phrase (VP), as can be seen from the following tree diagram: