D. They are defined differently by different people.
37. According to the author the word“civilization”originally refers to .
A. people’s way of life in cities
B. people’s ability to live together in cities
C. a type of social organizations
D. an advanced level of social life
38. The Latin verb colere originally means“ ”.
A. live in a city B. develop oneself
C. promote growth D. cultivate the land
39. The author believes that creativity .
A. is a unique feature of civilized beings
B. brings forth the improvement of tools
C. is the result of human development
D. helps the advance of culture
40. The author mentions monkeys in the last paragraph to show that .
A. monkeys are the same as birds
B. people once lived in caves like monkeys
C. monkeys can never develop into human beings
D. man is different from other animals such as monkeys
Passage Three
The huge growth of global “ ecotourism ” industry is becoming an increasing concern for conservationists with mounting evidence that many wild species do not respond well to contact with human beings. Overexposure to tourists has been linked to stress ， abnormal behaviour and adverse health effects in species such as polar bears ， dolphins and gorillas （大猩猩）， says a report in New Scientist.
While regulated ecotourism can help conservation efforts by encouraging people to manage endangered species and their habitats ， many projects are poorly designed and unregulated ， it says. “ Many ecotourist projects are unaudited ， unauthorized and merely hint they are based on environmentally friendly policies and operations.”
Ecotourism is growing by 10 to 30 percent a year and an estimated 20 percent of tourists are thought to visit a conservation-based project. Philip Seddon ， of the University of Otago in New Zealand ， said that although most tourist projects conformed to basic guidelines on land use and not scaring wildlife ， their full impact was rarely considered.
“ Transmission of disease to wildlife ， or subtle changes to wildlife health through disturbance of daily routines or increased stress levels may translate to lowered survival and breeding ，” he said. Research at the University of Auckland has shown that dolphins become restless and overactive when many tourist boats are present. When three or more boats are near ， the dolphins rest for 0.5 percent of the time ， compared with 68 percent when they are accompanied by a single boat. The findings are backed up by studies of dolphins in Britain. Researchers at the University of Manitoba in Canada have found that male polar bears easily disturbed by tourist vehicles ， with a possible effect on their heart rate and metabolism （新陈代谢） . That could reduce body fat levels and fitness ， critical for survival.
In Africa ， gorillas have picked up parasites introduced to their habitat by tourists and mongooses （蠓） have caught lung diseases from human beings. Experts said that the answer to the problems was better regulation and supervision of ecotourism. The Galapagos Islands ， where visitor numbers are strictly controlled ， is a good model.
