答案：B　难度系数：☆☆☆

分析：细节题。选项A，第五段提到，空气疗法在某些方面有助于睡眠呼吸暂停的患者，因此该陈述正确。选项B，第四段提到了这一点，但这是对中央呼吸暂停的一种解释，并不是该研究所要证实的结果，因为第四段一开始就提到，该研究是为了检验空气疗法的疗效。选项C，第四段提到了空气疗法将水排出肺部，这样心脏就能正常工作，大脑就能得到供血，会工作得更好。选项D，第五段提到了这一点。因此，正确答案为B。

5. Bradley thinks the treatment could not be used routinely in people with central sleep apnea because _____.

[A] the study they have carried out is not authoritative enough

[B] the air treatment proves to have no improvement on survival

[C] the study they have carried out is not large enough

[D] the treatment needs further verification

5. Bradley认为，该疗法不能被用于常规治疗有中央睡眠呼吸暂停的患者，是因为 _____。

[A] 他们进行的研究还不够权威

[B] 空气疗法对存活几率没有什么提高

[C] 他们所做的研究还不够大

[D] 空气疗法需要进一步的确认

答案：D　难度系数：☆☆☆

分析：推理题。文章最后一段提到，是因为该研究所展现的空气疗法的优点还不够，如果试验大一些也许会证明有更多的优点，因此可以看出，主要是该疗法还需要进一步的确认。所以，选项D是正确答案。





参考译文


睡觉的时候肌肉失去伸缩性是很正常的，这就是人为什么在开会时打瞌睡的样子很好笑的道理。但是在中年或稍微年长的人中，有10%的人的咽喉肌会过于松弛，以至于呼吸道会反复关闭，事实证明，这种情况是会致命的。本周的《新英格兰医学期刊》上刊登的一项研究表明，睡觉时呼吸突然受阻暂停会增加中风或死亡的危险。

睡觉时呼吸会暂停的人们根本意识不到自己有这种情况，因为他们不记得自己一次又一次地醒来喘气了。经常是同床睡觉的人听到了呼吸不畅的声音，或是“鼾声如雷”，该研究的领导者，耶鲁大学睡眠专家Klar Yaggi这样说。他和同事一起跟踪研究了两组睡眠呼吸暂停的病人（呼吸暂停的标准就是，每个小时呼吸停止五次及以上）。有些人有这样的情况，而有些人却没有。在历时大约三年半的研究中，睡觉时呼吸暂停的人中风或死亡的几率大约是正常人的两倍。

没有人知道这是为什么，虽然这可能与肾上腺素的动作电位差有关系，当呼吸停止时，该电位差通过身体，血压升高；或者是与血液中氧的水平反复降低有关。该研究并没有涉及是否能通过治疗（睡觉时使用一种装置不停地将空气吹到嘴里）降低这种危险。但是减肥确实能改善睡眠时呼吸暂停的情况。Yaggi说，使用该装置的病人可以得到更多的休息，这有助于他们避免睡眠呼吸暂停带来的另一个主要危险——交通事故。

刊登在同一期《新英格兰医学期刊》上的另外一个研究则关注，持续的空气疗法对有中央睡眠呼吸暂停的人有什么样的效果——中央睡眠呼吸暂停是另外一种完全不同的疾病。这两种睡眠呼吸暂停的患者都会间歇地停止呼吸。但是中央睡眠呼吸暂停的问题不是呼吸道受阻，而是大脑不再发出呼吸的命令。该疾病一般是由于先天性心脏病引起的，由于心脏不能正常跳动，于是体液都聚集在胸腔中。研究者认为，睡眠过程中提供连续的气流有助于将水排出肺部，使得呼吸更为均匀。

该疗法确实有助于中央睡眠呼吸暂停的患者。他们的心脏可以工作得更好，呼吸停止不再那么频繁，肾上腺素也没有增加，他们因此可以做更多的运动。“这是个好消息，”多伦多大学的呼吸专家Douglas Bradley，即该文章的作者说，“但坏消息就是，我们却不能提高存活几率。”

在以后的时间中，接受治疗的患者的死亡率与那些没有接受治疗患者的死亡率是差不多的。Bradley猜测，可能更大规模的研究能证明治疗会降低死亡的风险，但是该研究所显示的好处还不足以建议那些患有中央睡眠呼吸暂停的病人按部就班地接受治疗。





Unit 21


TEXT ONE


When honey bees began to desert their hives recently, never to return, it threw apiarists into a panic. What appeared to be perfectly healthy adult bees would flee their queen, the young and their food stores. Instead of ransacking the empty hive, other bees would avoid it like the plague. Yet there was nothing obviously wrong. Researchers have now identified the first tangible clue in the mystery—a relatively new virus.

Colony collapse disorder became widespread in America in the winter of 2006-07, when about a quarter of the nation's beekeepers were affected, each losing between 30% and 90% of their winged workers. Bees are valued not so much for their honey, which is worth some $200m a year in America, but for their work in pollinating crops. This brings the economy some $15 billion a year, as apiarists move their hives to land producing fruit, vegetables and nuts.

Finding exactly why colonies collapse has been taxing the minds of both federal and university scientists. There have been few bodies on which to conduct autopsies. Those adult bees that have been found dead near an abandoned hive have been riddled with almost every bee disease known to man. Now a report by Diana Cox-Foster of Pennsylvania State University and her colleagues, published in the September 6th issue of Science, points the finger at the Israeli acute paralysis virus. The lurgy in question was, the researchers suggest, imported from Australia.

Because many factors could be acting together to cause bee colonies to collapse, Dr. Cox-Foster and her colleagues decided to examine everything they could find within the empty hives. They collected samples from infected hives and compared them not only with samples from apparently healthy hives but also with an analysis of royal jelly—a bee secretion fed to the larvae—from China, which has not been affected by the mystery disorder. From their samples, the researchers extracted RNA—a chemical that carries and helps to decode genetic information. Their analysis revealed the presence of various bacteria, fungi and viruses that were lurking in the hives and the royal jelly. They then looked to see whether there was anything in the abandoned hives that was not found elsewhere.

What they found was a virus first identified in 2004 in the Middle East. Bees infected with Israeli acute paralysis virus shiver, their bodies become frozen and they die. But the virus itself cannot be the sole cause of colony collapse disorder. For a start, all the hives infected with it were also infested with a second nasty, the Kashmiri bee virus. Yet this virus was also present in many of the apparently healthy hives. Intriguingly, there was also a virus that the researchers were unable to classify. They suspect it may be a new lineage of the Kashmiri bee virus, but it could be something completely novel. This second virus was also found only in the abandoned hives.

The researchers reckon that the reason why so many honey bees are dying is down to a combination of factors that are found only, so far, in America. The Israeli acute paralysis virus may have had such a devastating effect there because of the presence of a parasite called the varroa mite. This parasite weakens the immune systems of bees, making the consequences of an infection more likely to be fatal. Tellingly, bees in Australia have not been infected by the parasite.

1. When honey bees desert their hives, the other bees will usually _____.

[A] stay far away from the empty hives because they are useless

[B] flee their queen, the young and their food stores away and steal the hives

[C] throw apiarists into a panic by plaguing the empty hives

[D] plunder the empty hives and take possession of all that is worth anything

2. When the bee colony collapse disorder became rampant in America, _____.

[A] the workers of the nation's beekeepers resigned from the beekeeping factory

[B] the apiarists moved their hives to land producing fruit, vegetables and nuts

[C] the crops could not grow to maturity as before short of effective pollination

[D] each apiarist suffered a loss of $200m to $1b a year as well as most of their workers

3. It has been a headache to find out why bee colonies collapse because of the following reasons except that _____.

[A] RNA experiment shows an intricate connection between the dead bees with their Chinese counterparts

[B] dead bees near a deserted hive are found to carry too many diseases

[C] there were almost no samples for scientists to do research on the dead bees

[D] the scientists could not identify exactly which disease was the main factor that causes the colonies collapse

4. Which one of the following statements is NOT true of the experiment carried out by Dr. Cox-Foster and her colleagues?

[A] They collected samples not only from infected hives, but also from healthy hives and royal jelly.

[B] They sorted out a chemical that provides relevant information from the genetic perspective.

[C] The research points out that an Israeli virus is the main cause of the collapse disorder since the virus was found in the hives and the royal jelly.

[D] They found that there were all kinds of viruses in the royal jelly which were also present in the infected hives.

5. According to the researchers, so many honey bees are dying probably because of the following reasons except that _____.

[A] the bees were affected with Israeli acute paralysis virus which was fatal to them

[B] the hives were infected with a combination of the viruses that lead to massive deaths of the bees

[C] an unidentified virus which may be a new lineage of the Kashmiri bee virus or a new virus causes the disaster

[D] the varroa mite is believed to worsen the conditions of the infected bees and leave them more vulnerable to deadly diseases





文章剖析


这篇文章讲述了目前美国发生的蜜蜂逃离蜂巢而造成的灾害的情况。第一段讲述这种情况可能和某种病毒有关；第二段讲述过去蜂巢被废弃的情况；第三段至第六段讲述针对该情况所进行的一项研究。





词汇注释


apiarist n. 养蜂人

ransack vt. 四处搜索

pollinate vt. 给…授粉

autopsy n. 分析

lurgy n. 疾病

fungus n. 真菌（[pl.] fungi）





难句突破


① Colony collapse disorder became widespread in America in the winter of 2006-07, when about a quarter of the nation's beekeepers were affected, each losing between 30% and 90% of their winged workers.

主体句式：Colony collapse disorder became widespread...

结构分析：这是一个复合句，when引导的是句子的时间状语从句；现在分词结构each losing...作时间状语从句的伴随状语。

句子译文：2006年至2007年的冬天，被废弃的蜂巢在美国随处可见，全国约四分之一的养蜂人都遭受了损失，每个人都失去了30%到90%的工蜂。

② They collected samples from infected hives and compared them not only with samples from apparently healthy hives but also with an analysis of royal jelly—a bee secretion fed to the larvae—from China, which has not been affected by the mystery disorder.

主体句式：They collected samples... and compared them....

结构分析：这是一个复合句，which引导的定语从句用来修饰前面的larvae。

句子译文：他们从受到感染的蜂巢中搜集了一些样本，不仅将其与正常健康的蜂巢样本进行比较，而且和来自中国的蜂王浆（喂养幼虫的蜜蜂分泌物）进行分析比较，这种蜂王浆没有受到这种奇怪的侵害。





题目分析


1. When honey bees desert their hives, the other bees will usually _____.

[A] stay far away from the empty hives because they are useless

[B] flee their queen, the young and their food stores and steal the hives

[C] throw apiarists into a panic by plaguing the empty hives

[D] plunder the empty hives and take possession of all that is worth anything

1. 蜜蜂抛弃了自己的蜂巢时，其他的蜜蜂一般会 _____。

[A] 远离空巢，因为这些空巢没有用

[B] 离开它们的蜂后、幼蜂和食物储藏地，并偷窃它们的蜂巢

[C] 给空巢带来瘟疫，将养蜂人置于恐慌的境地

[D] 掠夺空巢并占有其中任何有价值的东西

答案：D　难度系数：☆☆

分析：细节题。根据第一段：Instead of ransacking the empty hive, other bees would avoid it like the plague. 可见其他的蜜蜂没有去掠夺空的蜂房，反而像躲避瘟疫一样逃开。说明了在一般情况下，它们都是要洗劫空巢的。显然，只有选项D为正确答案。

2. When the bee colony collapse disorder became rampant in America, _____.

[A] the workers of the nation's beekeepers resigned from the beekeeping factory

[B] the apiarists moved their hives to land producing fruit, vegetables and nuts

[C] the crops could not grow to maturity as before short of effective pollination

[D] each apiarist suffered a loss of $200m to $1b year as well as most of their workers

2. 蜜蜂王国崩溃的情况在美国各处普遍发生的时候，_____。

[A] 养蜂人的工人都从养蜂场辞职了

[B] 养蜂人将自己的蜂房移到产水果、蔬菜和坚果的地方

[C] 由于缺乏有效的授粉，作物不能像以前那样长成熟了

[D] 养蜂人每年要损失两亿至十亿美元，并失去大部分的工人

答案：C　难度系数：☆

分析：根据第二段的分析：Bees are valued not so much for their honey, which is worth some $200m a year in America, but for their work in pollinating crops. This brings the economy some $15 billion a year, as apiarists move their hives to land producing fruit, vegetables and nuts. 可见，蜜蜂的真正价值在于可以给庄稼授粉。如果蜜蜂王国崩溃了，那么庄稼就得不到授粉，也就不能正常生长成熟了。因此，只有选项C符合题意。

3. It has been a headache to find out why bee colonies collapse because of the following reasons except that _____.

[A] RNA experiment shows an intricate connection between the dead bees and their Chinese counterparts

[B] dead bees near a deserted hive are found to carry too many diseases

[C] there were almost no samples for scientists to do research on the dead bees

[D] the scientists could not identify exactly which disease was the main factor that causes the colonies collapse

3. 要找出蜜蜂王国崩溃的原因是个令人头疼的事情，因为下列除 _____ 外的其他原因。

[A] 核糖核酸试验显示了在死亡的蜜蜂和它们的中国远亲之间有一种复杂的联系

[B] 在空巢附近发现的死蜜蜂身上带有太多的疾病

[C] 几乎没有样品可以供科学家研究死亡的蜜蜂

[D] 科学家不能精确地辨别出到底是哪个因素导致了蜜蜂王国的崩溃

答案：A　难度系数：☆☆☆

分析：根据第三段，蜜蜂王国崩溃，一方面是由于没有蜜蜂可供研究，而那些死蜂身上的疾病又太多，无法辨别是哪个引起的。因此，B、C和D都是原因，其中选项B对应的信息是：Those adult bees that have been found dead near an abandoned hive have been riddled with almost every bee disease known to man. 选项C对应的信息是：There have been few bodies on which to conduct autopsies. 选项D对应于：Finding exactly why colonies collapse has been taxing the minds of both federal and university scientists. 选项A对应的信息在第五段，从中我们可以发现，文中比较的是“来自中国的蜂王浆”，而且也没有提到intricate connection，因此该选项的表述与文章内容不符，是正确答案。

4. Which one of the following statements is NOT true of the experiment carried out by Dr. Cox-Foster and her colleagues?

[A] They collected samples not only from infected hives, but also from healthy hives and royal jelly.

[B] They sorted out a chemical that provides relevant information from the genetic perspective.

[C] The research points out that an Israeli virus is the main cause of the collapse disorder since the virus was found in the hives and the royal jelly.

[D] They found that there were all kinds of viruses in the royal jelly which were also present in the infected hives.

4. 关于Cox-Foster博士和其同事进行的试验，下列哪个陈述是错误的？

[A] 他们不仅从染病的蜂巢搜集样品，也从健康的蜂巢和蜂王浆中搜集。

[B] 他们挑选了一种能从基因角度提供有用信息的化学物质。

[C] 研究指出，一种以色列病毒是蜂房崩溃的主因，因为他们在蜂房和蜂王浆中都发现了这种病毒。

[D] 他们在蜂王浆中发现的各种病毒在染病的蜂巢中也存在。

答案：C　难度系数：☆☆☆☆

分析：细节题。根据第四段和第五段，首先，选项A显然是正确的，对应第四段：They collected samples from infected hives and compared them not only with samples from apparently healthy hives but also with an analysis of royal jelly... 选项B有一定的难度，其实这种a chemical that provides relevant information from the genetic perspective就是第四段中提到的RNA，即核糖核酸。选项D是正确的，对应信息是文章第四段的Their analysis revealed the presence of various bacteria, fungi and viruses that were lurking in the hives and the royal jelly. 选项C的表述是不正确的，因为文章第五段指出了几种病毒，但是没有说明哪一种病毒是主因，因此，答案为C。

5. According to the researchers, so many honey bees are dying probably because of the following reasons except that _____.

[A] the bees were affected with Israeli acute paralysis virus which was fatal to them

[B] the hives were infected with a combination of the viruses that leads to massive deaths of the bees

[C] an unidentified virus which may be a new lineage of the Kashmiri bee virus or a new virus causes the disaster

[D] the varroa mite is believed to worsen the conditions of the infected bees and leave them more vulnerable to deadly diseases

5. 根据研究者们的观点，这么多的蜜蜂死亡可能是因为下列除了 _____ 外的其他原因。

[A] 蜜蜂感染了致命的以色列急性麻痹病毒

[B] 蜂巢感染了一组病毒，导致了蜜蜂的大批死亡

[C] 一种无法识别的病毒，可能是克什米尔蜜蜂病毒的新变种或是一种全新的病毒，导致了灾难的发生

[D] 人们认为，蜂螨使得染病的蜜蜂的情况变得更糟糕，使它们更加容易受到致命疾病的侵袭

答案：B　难度系数：☆☆☆

分析：根据第五段和第六段，蜜蜂王国崩溃的主要原因，一是因为可能染上了以色列急性麻痹病毒，二是感染了新病毒，三是蜂螨使得感染病毒的蜜蜂更容易死亡。选项B不是导致该情况发生的原因，因为健康的蜜蜂体内也存在这样的病毒。





参考译文


最近，当蜜蜂开始离开自己的蜂巢，再也不回来的时候，养蜂人陷入了恐慌。那些壮年的蜜蜂离开了蜂后、幼蜂和它们的食物储藏地。其他蜜蜂也没有去占领那些空的蜂巢，反而像躲避瘟疫一样地避开。尽管表面上看起来没什么问题，不过研究者们现在找到了这个谜团的第一条线索——一种比较新的病毒。

2006年至2007年的冬天，被废弃的蜂巢在美国随处可见，全国约四分之一的养蜂人都遭受了损失，每个人都失去了30%到90%的工蜂。蜜蜂的价值并不在于其生产的蜂蜜（在美国，每年生产的蜂蜜价值为2亿美元），而是因为它们可以给庄稼授粉。养蜂人将蜂巢移到生长水果、蔬菜和坚果的地方，每年因此带来的收入约为150亿美元。

这个产业崩溃的确切原因一直让联邦和大学的科学家们头疼，因为没有多少蜜蜂可供研究。而在被遗弃的蜂巢旁发现的死去的成年蜜蜂几乎得过所有人类知道的蜜蜂可能得的病。宾西法尼亚州立大学的Diana Cox-Foster及其同事发表于9月6号的《科学》杂志上的一篇报道将矛头指向了以色列急性麻痹病毒。研究者认为，这种疾病是从澳大利亚传入的。

因为许多因素可能共同作用，从而导致蜜蜂王国的崩溃，Cox-Foster博士及其同事决定，把他们在空巢中能找到的所有东西都检查一遍。他们从受到感染的蜂巢中搜集了一些样本，不仅将其与正常健康的蜂巢样本进行比较，而且和来自中国的蜂王浆（喂养幼虫的蜜蜂分泌物）进行分析比较，这种蜂王浆没有受到这种奇怪的侵害。研究者从样本中提取了核糖核酸，这是一种携带并帮助解读遗传信息的化学物质。他们分析发现，许多细菌、真菌和病毒都潜伏在蜂巢和蜂王浆里。接着，他们调查被遗弃的蜂巢中是否还有别的什么东西是其他地方没有的。