[A] founders

[B] freshmen

[C] soldiers

[D] stagers

2. The last two sentences of the fourth paragraph imply that _____.

[A] maybe we wouldn't see the success of Flipboard if Doll had no discipline

[B] Doll had no pressure during startups

[C] if Doll had no discipline, he might not have the impulsion to leave Apple and open a firm

[D] Doll could successfully create Flipboard because he had the discipline gained in Google

3. In Google, the most important feature that should be considered is most probably _____.

[A] creativity

[B] discipline

[C] competitiveness

[D] potentiality

4. Google's employees compete with others in order to _____.

[A] display their talents

[B] create more new stuffs

[C] draw the users' attention

[D] make people apply their creations

5. From Doll's statements, it can be inferred that he thinks _____.

[A] Apple's operation method is better than Google's

[B] for the benefit of Google, the internal startup should be kept under the Google banner

[C] the employees in Apple and Google all have some sort of artistic sides

[D] Apple doesn't always veto employees' ideas





文章剖析


这篇文章通过曾经的苹果人的创业故事及苹果公司与谷歌公司的比较，说明了苹果公司的经营方式和理念。第一段讲述了苹果公司人才济济，成就非凡；第二段至第四段讲述了曾经在苹果工作，后来又自己创业的精英们的故事及苹果对他们的影响；第五段至第七段则是对苹果与谷歌的比较。





词汇注释


sumptuous adj. 华丽的，豪华的；奢侈的

spearhead v. 带头；做先锋

brainpower n. 智能；智囊团

aesthetics n. 美学

veteran n. 经验丰富的人；老兵，退伍军人

aggregation n. 聚合，聚集

razor-sharp adj. 锋利的；犀利的





难句突破


① He says he owes a lot of the success he's had to his time spent at Apple, particularly the disciplined company mentality he adopted while there.

主体句式：He says...

结构分析：这是一个简单句，但是后面的宾语比较复杂。短语owe...to...意为“把……归功于……”。mentality后面跟一个省略了that的定语从句，用来修饰the disciplined company mentality。

句子译文：他说很多成就都应该归功于他在苹果那段时期所经历的，尤其是在那里感受到的公司的自律精神。

② At a company like Google, that's almost overflowing with creativity; the downside is that there's new stuff coming out all the time and you're competing for a limited amount of attention on the part of your users.

主体句式：...that's...; the downside is that...and...

结构分析：这句话由两个分句组成。后一个分句比较复杂，downside后面又引导了两个并列分句。

句子译文：在像谷歌这样的公司，创造性几乎无处不在，但不利的是，新玩意儿也层出不穷，你得为了获取用户有限的关注而进行竞争。





题目分析


1. What does the word “veterans” (Line 5, Paragraph 1) mean in the text?

[A] founders

[B] freshmen

[C] soldiers

[D] stagers

1. “veterans”这个词（第一段第五行）在文中是什么意思？

[A] 创始人

[B] 新手

[C] 士兵

[D] 经验丰富的人

答案：D　难度系数：☆☆☆

分析：猜词题。veteran一词原意为“老兵，退伍军人”，但在文中使用的是其比喻义，而非原意。因此，选项C为干扰选项。该词出现在原文中的句子为：Apple veterans are behind such impressive ventures as LinkedIn, Android, and Mozilla. 分析veterans一词的前后文可知，如此大胆的举措的背后一定有一些经验丰富的人，因此正确答案为选项D。选项A也比较有迷惑性，因为创始人对某项举措也很重要，但此处意在强调对这些举措有重要推动作用的人，故选项A不正确。

2. The last two sentences of the fourth paragraph imply that _____.

[A] maybe we wouldn't see the success of Flipboard if Doll had no discipline

[B] Doll had no pressure during startups

[C] if Doll had no discipline, he might not have the impulsion to leave Apple and open a firm

[D] Doll could successfully create Flipboard because he had the discipline gained in Google

2. 第四段最后两句话暗示了_____。

[A] 如果没有道欧的自律精神，我们可能就看不到Flipboard的成功

[B] 道欧在创业期间没有压力

[C] 如果没有自律精神，道欧可能不会有离开苹果去开公司的冲动

[D] 道欧之所以成功创造出Flipboard，是因为他在谷歌学到的自律精神

答案：A　难度系数：☆☆

分析：推理题。第四段最后两句话的意思是：在创业期间，没有压力要你一定得把工作完成并成功发行1.0版本，那么你就需要自律了。由此可以推断，道欧的成功正是因为他所具有的在苹果公司学到的自律精神。如果没有道欧的自律精神，可能就看不到Flipboard的成功了。因此，正确答案为选项A。

3. In Google, the most important feature that should be considered is most probably _____.

[A] creativity

[B] discipline

[C] competitiveness

[D] potentiality

3. 在谷歌，_____最有可能被认为是最重要的特质。

[A] 创造性

[B] 自律性

[C] 竞争性

[D] 潜能

答案：A　难度系数：☆☆☆

分析：细节题。纵观全文可以看出，谷歌有鼓励创新的氛围，所以他们最看重的也是创新性，因此正确答案为选项A。选项B中的“自律性”是苹果公司最看重的。选项C、D在文中都没有提及，不符合题意。因此，正确答案为选项A。

4. Google's employees compete with others in order to _____.

[A] display their talents

[B] create more new stuffs

[C] draw the users' attention

[D] make people apply their creations

4. 谷歌的员工与他人竞争的目的是_____。

[A] 展示他们的才华

[B] 创造更多新鲜玩意儿

[C] 吸引用户的关注

[D] 让人们使用他们的产品

答案：D　难度系数：☆☆☆☆

分析：细节题。文章第六段指出：在像谷歌这样的公司，创造性几乎无处不在，但不利的是，新玩意儿也层出不穷，你得为了获取用户有限的关注而进行竞争。根据这句话可知，员工竞争的最终目的是让人们使用他们的产品。因此，正确答案为选项D，其他三个选项虽然在竞争中都能体现，但不是最终目的，不符合题意。正确答案为D。

5. From Doll's statements, it can be inferred that he thinks _____.

[A] Apple's operation method is better than Google's

[B] for the benefit of Google, the internal startup should be kept under the Google banner

[C] the employees in Apple and Google all have some sort of artistic sides

[D] Apple doesn't always veto employees' ideas

5. 从Doll的话中可以推断出，他认为_____。

[A] 苹果的经营方式比谷歌的好

[B] 为了谷歌的利益，内部创业应在谷歌的名义下进行

[C] 苹果和谷歌的员工都或多或少有着艺术的一面

[D] 苹果不总是否定员工的想法

答案：D　难度系数：☆☆☆

分析：推理题。文章最后两段都涉及道欧的话。虽然道欧大部分的谈话都在说苹果好的地方，但是并没有说比谷歌好，排除A。选项B并不是道欧说的，考生应认真审题。在文中第六段道欧提到：这并不是说苹果的员工缺乏创造性。恰恰相反，无论哪个部门，每个人都或多或少有着艺术的一面。此处不可以偏概全，认为苹果和谷歌的员工都有艺术的一面，排除C。最后一段道欧讲道：比起大多数否定员工想法的公司，苹果已经做得很好了。从这句话中我们推断出苹果并不总是否定员工的想法。所以，正确答案选D。





参考译文


众所周知，苹果一直在为其豪华的库比蒂诺总部吸纳科技领域的最佳人才。成千上万名神采奕奕的编程及设计明星走过了那里赫赫有名的大门。但是，已经处于顶峰的人要去往何处？当前一些最流行的网站和应用工具都是苹果智囊团率先开发的。而且这是合情合理的。即将离任的员工开发的产品中常会明显地倾向于伴随着审美和简洁风格的市场变革性创新。像邻客音、安卓以及谋智这样了不起的大胆举措背后都有着苹果公司资深人士的支持。对于这前所未有的成功，那神秘而奇妙的苹果因素是不是也是原因之一呢？

苹果公司校友可谓是众星云集，汇聚了硅谷中许多最为名声显赫的公司的董事长和总裁。安迪·罗宾，苹果早期工程师，开发了安卓系统，后来被谷歌收购。雷德·霍夫曼，邻客音的创始人，是90年代苹果用户体验工程师。在最近的2010年，iPod创始人托尼·法德尔推出了一款根据人类生活习惯调控温度的智能温度计Nest。

“苹果教”网站创始人利安德·卡尼，已经写了三本关于苹果公司的书。他说在法德尔的最新产品中，有着极强的个人背景的痕迹。“人们看到它，觉得它只是一个温度计，只是一件硬件设施。但是通过它，法德尔让人们知道了相较于硬件设施而言，它更是软件系统。对于iPod也是如此。”

伊万·道欧曾经是苹果的软件工程师，在那里工作六年之后，与人合作创办了广受欢迎的新闻聚合应用程序Flipboard。他说很多成就都应该归功于他在苹果那段时期所经历的，尤其是在那里感受到的公司的自律精神。“他们设法用一种非常实用主义的态度来平衡完美主义思想，那就是‘我们应该将其推向现实世界，不能老是坐在这儿改进它。’”他说，“在创业期间，没有压力要你一定得把工作完成并成功发行1.0版本，那么你就需要那种自律了。”

卡尼拿苹果公司经营方式与另一家行业巨头谷歌作比较。他说，谷歌鼓励员工在公司范围内按照自己的创新思想来工作，而苹果更多地采用自上而下的组织结构。“谷歌有这种内部创业的文化，希望员工能在公司内部而不是离开公司、在公司以外的地方创业，”他说。有条件的创业要在谷歌的名义下进行，这可以使公司从中获益。

道欧看到了苹果焦点突出的益处。“苹果人都知道，如果每一个人都在不同的层次上同时行事，公司将陷入混乱。”道欧说，“在像谷歌这样的公司，创造性几乎无处不在，但不利的是，新玩意儿也层出不穷，你得为了获取用户有限的关注而进行竞争。”这并不是说苹果的员工缺乏创造性。道欧说，恰恰相反。无论哪个部门，每个人都或多或少有着艺术的一面。“你可能会去火把节，或者在业余时间创作某种疯狂的艺术雕像，”他笑道。

苹果推崇用“越少越好”的态度来约束自己，而不是让员工仅仅按照自己的想法行事。当道欧离开公司，并遇到了许多创业者都要面临的挑战——资源短缺的时候，证明自律这门课还是有用的。他说，“比起大多数否定员工想法的公司，苹果已经做得很好了。”而这对他的新公司来说也是一个不错的教育。“如果你对每一个好的想法都表示赞同，那会失败的。”





TEXT TWO


Publishers cannot have enough of books from serious historians about the “whys” of war. Why do they start? Why do they last? What makes a peace fragile? The past is one place to look for answers. Charles Esdaile, a lecturer at the University of Liverpool, is too good a scholar to make easy comparisons between then and now. But the “whys” of war run through his masterly account of the Napoleonic wars, a 12-year conflict between France and Europe's other powers that killed almost 2m soldiers. Mr. Esdaile, in a politico-military survey of extraordinary scope and detail, tells us what he believes caused the conflict, what it was about and why it lasted so long despite, as it seemed, frequent chances for peace. Neither battlefield chronicle nor biography in disguise, “Napoleon's Wars” is explanatory history of high order.

Historians date the Napoleonic wars from 1803, when Britain declared war on France after the brief Peace of Amiens. Mr. Esdaile recounts how Napoleon came to power in 1799, mastering France and then Europe. Britain commanded the seas after Trafalgar in 1805. But France held the continent thanks to victories on land against the Austrians, Prussians and Russians. Setbacks in Spain, which Napoleon's troops entered in 1807, and disaster in Russia in 1812, led to eventual defeat at Waterloo.

Mr. Esdaile makes that familiar story fresh in three connected ways. He shows how marginal-looking conflicts—for example over the Romanian lands, Sweden, Portugal, Canada—ignited larger ones or divided potential allies. He reminds us that defeating Napoleon was never sure. Europe's armies had first to learn from their own failures and their rulers had to make common cause. Both things happened, but late in the day. Above all, he stresses that the conflict was not ideological but geopolitical. It was about the balance of power, disturbed for a century by Ottoman decline, Russian and Prussian growth and Franco-British rivalries.

Few if any of France's foes were fighting for regime change in Paris. At many times they would have settled with Napoleon—had he settled with them. But they could never trust him to settle, and the wars went on. His two strongest opponents, Britain and Russia, resisted him, in Mr. Esdaile's view, not because he was a revolutionary, a republican or the head of an upstart dynasty. They fought him because as long as he controlled France, there was no telling where France would stop.

At this point Napoleon's character enters Mr. Esdaile's intricate geopolitical equations. Without accepting a great-man theory of history, he thinks the Napoleonic wars deserve their name. Europe's powers would have fought over their differences without Napoleon. But the scale and ferocity of conflict was due in large part to the emperor's “aggression, egomania and lust for power”.

Mr. Esdaile's book reflects a vast and varied range of recent scholarship. But he never leaves his geopolitical story for long. War started, he believes, because Europe was not in balance. It dragged on because Napoleon could not be trusted. Peace came—and lasted until later generations forgot the horror of the alternative.

1. Mr. Esdaile's book can be best described as _____.

[A] a politico-military survey of the Napoleonic wars

[B] an account of the Napoleonic wars in extraordinary scope and detail

[C] a historical chronicle of the Napoleonic wars with comparisons of the past and the present

[D] an exploration of the deep-rooted reason that led to the long war

2. Mr. Esdaile holds the view that the Napoleonic wars are originated by _____.

[A] marginal conflicts

[B] imbalance of power in Europe

[C] Napoleon's aggressive ambition

[D] Franco-British rivalries

3. Mr. Esdaile's novelty in recounting the conflict is in _____.

[A] that he dates from 1799 when Napoleon came to power in France

[B] that he explains Napoleon's character and history in detailed and vivid account

[C] that he reminds us the importance of some marginal-looking conflicts

[D] that he thinks the war was indeed started due to geopolitical factors

4. France's rivals fought against Napoleon despite chances for peace because _____.

[A] the political imbalance of Europe stimulated inevitable hatred and conflict between the countries and Napoleon

[B] they were alert to the possible aggression by Napoleon

[C] they attempted to settle with Napoleon but in vain

[D] Napoleon was too ambitious to be trusted by them

5. According to the passage, which one of the following statements is NOT true of the Napoleonic wars?

[A] The wars would have been fought without Napoleon.

[B] The wars were due to the emperor's aggression, egomania and lust for power.

[C] The wars lasted for so long time because France's rivals could not trust Napoleon.

[D] The wars were fought over the difference of the Europe's powers.





文章剖析


这篇文章介绍了Esdaile先生的《拿破仑战争》一书。文章第一段讲述了该书解释性的特征；第二段讲述书中描述的战争的概况；第三段讲述Esdaile的研究的创新之处；第四段讲述该场战争延续了很久的原因所在；第五段讲述拿破仑的性格对于这场战争的影响；第六段总结了该书的特色。





词汇注释


ferocity n. 残酷

egomania n. 自大狂





难句突破


① Mr. Esdaile, in a politico-military survey of extraordinary scope and detail, tells us what he believes caused the conflict, what it was about and why it lasted so long despite, as it seemed, frequent chances for peace.

主体句式：Mr. Esdaile..., tells us what..., what... and why...

结构分析：这是一个复合句，带有一个比较复杂的宾语从句。该宾语从句由三个疑问句组成，分别以what和why引导；介词短语in...是句子的状语。

句子译文：Esdaile先生在他一次广泛而细致的政治军事调查中告诉了我们他对这场战争起因的看法，这场战争的目的，并解释了为什么虽然看起来有好多次都有可能恢复和平，但战争还是持续了很长时间。

② His two strongest opponents, Britain and Russia, resisted him, in Mr. Esdaile's view, not because he was a revolutionary, a republican or the head of an upstart dynasty.

主体句式：His two opponents..., resisted him..., not because...

结构分析：这是一个复合句，Britain and Russia是前面主语的同位语，含有in的介词短语是状语，后面的not because...是句子的原因状语。

句子译文：在Esdaile看来，拿破仑的两个劲敌——英国和俄国与之抵抗并不是因为他是革命者、共和党人或一个崛起的王朝的领袖。





题目分析


1. Mr. Esdaile's book can be best described as _____.

[A] a politico-military survey of the Napoleonic wars

[B] an account of the Napoleonic wars in extraordinary scope and detail

[C] a historical chronicle of the Napoleonic wars with comparisons of the past and the present

[D] an exploration of the deep-rooted reason that led to the long war

1. Esdaile先生的书可以看作是 _____。

[A] 拿破仑战争的政治军事纵览

[B] 对拿破仑战争详细而宽泛的描述

[C] 一部比较了拿破仑战争过去与现状的历史编年史

[D] 对拿破仑战争最深层原因的探究

答案：D　难度系数：☆☆☆

分析：推理题。这篇文章主要分析了Esdaile先生的《拿破仑战争》一书，第一段就提到，这本书和以往的类似图书不同，“为什么”贯穿全书，主要就是分析了拿破仑战争的起因、战争持续时间很长的原因，以及战争的目的。该书是解释性地谈论历史。因此，选项D最为符合题意。

2. Mr. Esdaile holds the view that the Napoleonic wars are originated by _____.

[A] marginal conflicts

[B] imbalance of power in Europe

[C] Napoleon's aggressive ambition

[D] Franco-British rivalries

2. Esdaile先生认为，拿破仑战争是由_____引起的。

[A] 小型的纷争

[B] 欧洲各国间实力的不均衡

[C] 拿破仑的侵略欲

[D] 英法冲突

答案：B　难度系数：☆☆

分析：细节题。文章第三段提到，拿破仑战争的起因不是意识形态而是地理政治，是因为欧洲各国间势力不均衡而引发的。最后一段也提到，发生战争是因为欧洲各国间势力不均衡。因此，拿破仑战争是因势力不均衡而起的。选项B为正确答案。

3. Mr. Esdaile's novelty in recounting the conflict is in _____.

[A] that he dates from 1799 when Napoleon came to power in France

[B] that he explains Napoleon's character and history in detailed and vivid account