There are two levels of syntactic structure. The first, formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head's subcategorization properties, is called deep structure (or D-structure). The second, corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations, is called surface structure (or S-structure).
7. Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences.     a) The   old  lady  got   off  the  bus  carefully.
       Det  A    N    V    P  Det  N    Adv
b) The  car  suddenly  crashed onto  the  river bank.
       Det  N    Adv      V     P   Det    N
c) The  blinding  snowstorm  might  delay  the  opening  of  the  schools.
       Det   A       N        Aux    V    Det   N      P  Det   N
d) This  cloth  feels  quite  soft.
  Det    N    V    Deg   A
（以下8-12题只作初步的的成分划分，未画树形图, 仅供参考）
8. The following phrases include a head, a complement, and a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree structure for each.
a) rich in minerals
XP(AP) → head (rich) A + complement (in minerals) PP
b) often read detective stories
    XP(VP) → specifier (often) Qual + head (read) V + complement (detective stories) NP
c) the argument against the proposals
XP(NP) → specifier (the) Det + head (argument) N + complement (against the proposals) PP
d) already above the window
XP(VP) → specifier (already) Deg + head (above) P + complement (the window) NP
9. The following sentences contain modifiers of various types. For each sentence, first identify the modifier(s), then draw the tree structures.（划底线的为动词的修饰语，斜体的为名词的修饰语）
    a) A crippled passenger landed the airplane with extreme caution.
    b) A huge moon hung in the black sky.
    c) The man examined his car carefully yesterday.
d) A wooden hut near the lake collapsed in the storm.
10. The following sentences all contain conjoined categories. Draw a tree structure for each of the sentences. （划底线的为并列的范畴）
    a) Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants.
    b) Helen put on her clothes and went out.
    c) Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics.
11. The following sentences all contain embedded clauses that function as complements of a verb, an adjective, a preposition or a noun. Draw a tree structure for each sentence. （划底线的为补语从句）
   a) You know that I hate war.
   b) Gerry believes the fact that Anna flunked the English exam.
   c) Chris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Royce.
   d) The children argued over whether bats had wings.
12. Each of the following sentences contains a relative clause. Draw the deep structure and the surface structure trees for each of these sentences. （划底线的为关系从句）
   a) The essay that he wrote was excellent.
   b) Herbert bought a house that she loved
c) The girl whom he adores majors in linguistics.
13. The derivations of the following sentences involve the inversion transformation. Give the deep structure and the surface structure of each of these sentences.
   a) Would you come tomorrow? (surface structure)
you would come tomorrow  (deep structure)
   b) What did Helen bring to the party? (surface structure)
Helen brought what to the party  (deep structure)
   c) Who broke the window? (surface structure)
who broke the window  (deep structure)

Chapter 5  Semantics
1. What are the major views concerning the study of meaning?
答：(1) The naming theory proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato. According to this theory, the linguistic forms or symbols, in other words, the words used in a language are simply labels of the objects they stand for. So words are just names or labels for things.
    (2) The conceptualist view has been held by some philosophers and linguists from ancient times. This view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to (i. e., between language and the real world); rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind.