海洋测量与水文测量有关，但被认为包含更广泛的区域。它们包括近海平台、航海科学、潮汐学说以及制作水文图和海图所必需的测量。
Mine surveys（矿井测量）are made to obtain the relative positions and elevations of underground shafts（矿井）, geological formations （地质组成）, and so on and to determine quantities and establish lines and grades for work to be done.

矿井测量用以获得地下矿井的相对位置和标高、地质组成等，并确定将要进行的工作的数量、路线和等级。
Forestry and geological surveys（林地和地质测量）are probably much more common than the average（一般的）layman realizes（了解）. Foresters（林务员）use surveying for boundary locations, timber cruising, topography, etc. Similarly, surveying has much application in the preparation of geological maps（地质图）.

林地和地质测量可能比一般的非专业人员所了解的普遍的多。林务员进行边界位置测量、森林勘测测量、地形测量等。类似的，测量在制作地质图时有很多应用。
Photogrammetric surveys（摄影测量）are those in which photographs (generally aerial) are used in conjunction with（加上）limited（有限的）ground surveys (used to establish or locate certain control points visible from the air). Photogrammetry is extremely valuable because of the speed with which it can be applied, the economy, the application to（适用于）areas difficult to access（达到）, the great detail provided, etc. Its uses are becoming more extensive each year.

摄影测量是利用照片（通常是空中的）加上有限的地面测量进行的测量（用以确定从空中能看见的某些控制点的位置）。摄影测量非常有价值，因为这种测量速度快、经济、适用于难以到达的地区以及提供大量的详细资料等。它的使用一年比一年广泛。
In the decades to come there will undoubtedly be the other special types of surveying which will develop. Surveyors might very well（极有可能）have to establish boundaries under the ocean, in the Arctic and Antarctic, and even on the moon and other planets. Great skill and judgment by the surveying profession（测量业）will undoubtedly be required to handle these tasks.

在今后的几十年里，毫无疑问会有其他特殊类型的测量将逐步发展。测量员极有可能不得不在海洋下、在北极和南极、甚至在月球和其他行星上确定边界。毫无疑问测量业将需要很多的技能和判断来处理这些任务。


Unit 15 第十五单元
Soil Mechanics
土力学
Grain size（颗粒尺寸）is the basis of soil mechanics, since it is this which decides whether a soil is frictional（有摩阻力的）or cohesive（有粘结力的）, a sand or a clay（粘土）. Starting with the largest sizes, boulders（漂石）are larger than 10 cm, cobbles（卵石）are from 5 cm to 10 cm, gravel（砾石）or ballast（碎石）is from about 5 cm to 5 mm, grit（粗砂）is from about 5 mm to 2 mm, sand is from 2 mm to 0.06 mm. All these soils are frictional, being coarse（粗糙的）and thus non-cohesive. Their stability depends on their internal friction. For the cohesive or non-frictional soils the two main internationally accepted size limits（范围）are: silt（淤泥）from 0.02 mm to 0.002 mm, and clay for all finer material. There are, of course, many silty clays（粉质粘土）and clayey silts（粘质粉土）.
土力学的基础是颗粒尺寸，因为是它决定了土壤是有摩阻力的还是有粘结力的，是砂还是粘土。从最大的尺寸开始，漂石大于10cm，卵石在5cm到10 cm之间，砾石或碎石约在5cm到5mm之间，粗砂约在5mm到2mm之间，砂在2mm到0.06mm 之间。所有这些土壤都是有摩阻力的，是粗糙的，因而是没有粘结力的。它们的稳定性依赖于内摩擦力。对于有粘结力或无摩擦力的土壤，国际上能接受的两个主要的尺寸范围是：淤泥在0.01mm到0.002mm，而粘土为所有较细的材料。当然还有很多粉质粘土和粘质粉土。
Every large civil engineering job starts with a soil mechanics survey（地基勘测）in its early stage. The first visit on foot（踏勘）will show whether the site might be suitable, in other words, whether money should be spent on sending soil-sampling equipment out to it. The soil samples and the laboratory results obtained from the triaxial test, shear test and so on will show at what depth the soil is likely to be strong enough to take the required load. For a masonry or steel structure, this is where soil mechanics survey will end, having rarely cost more than 2 percent of the structure cost.
每一项大的土木工程任务在它的早期阶段是从地基勘测开始的。通过最初的踏勘显示该场地是否适合，换句话说，是否应该花一定的费用运送土壤取样设备至现场。土壤样本以及根据三向试验、剪切试验等所获得的实验室结果将显示在哪个深度上土壤可能足够坚固，能承受所需的荷载。对砌体或钢结构来说，其地基勘察将到此结束，所需费用很少超过结构费用的2%。
Generally, the strength of a soil increases with depth. But it can happen that it becomes weaker with depth. Therefore, in choosing the foundation pressure（地基压力）and level（深度）for this sort of soil, a knowledge of soil mechanics is essential, since this will give an idea of（对..有所了解）the likely settlements.

通常，土的强度随深度而增加。但会发生强度随深度变弱的情况。因此，在选择这种土的地基压力和深度时，土力学的知识是必要的，因为这将对可能的沉降有所了解。