[A] This kind of behaviour is irrational as a matter of fact.

[B] This kind of behaviour pays more attention to the social status rather than money.

[C] This kind of behaviour could bring desirable reproductive opportunities.

[D] This kind of behaviour is rational from a long view.





文章剖析


这篇文章介绍了心理学家对于经济学原则的看法。第一段讲述心理学家认为经济学家的观点是错误的；第二段至第五段讲述Burnham博士所做的研究；第六段讲述Burnham博士得出的结论；第七段是对这一结论的概括。





词汇注释


stingy adj. 小气的

saliva n. 唾液，口水





难句突破


① In this case, taking a tough, if self-sacrificial, line at the beginning pays dividends in future rounds of the game.

主体句式：..., taking a tough... line... pays dividends...

结构分析：这是一个简单句，主语由现在分词结构构成。

句子译文：在这个事情上，如果自我牺牲，从一开始就采取强硬姿态，会在未来几轮游戏中支付额外的资金。

② In this game, which the players knew in advance was final and could thus not affect future outcomes, proposers could choose only between offering the other player $25 (i.e., more than half the total) or $5.

主体句式：... proposers could choose...

结构分析：in this game为状语，which引导的定语从句用来修饰game。

句子译文：在这个游戏中，玩家事先就知道这一轮是最后的结局，因此不会影响未来的结果，分钱者只能选择给其他玩家25美元（也就是说超过全部金额的一半）或者是5美元。





题目分析


1. According to the passage, psychologists are different from economists in that _____.

[A] they think any financial gain is worthless if it could not guarantee the ultimatum game

[B] they understand how economists are wrong by proving trivial financial gain could be ignored

[C] they believe that it is necessary to reject some trivial gains to get bigger ones

[D] they have known for a long time that from the perspective of psychology, financial gains are not worth pursuing

1. 根据这篇文章，心理学家和经济学家的不同之处在于 _____。

[A] 他们认为，如果不能保证最后获胜，任何经济利润都是没有用的

[B] 通过证明小的经济利润可以被忽略，他们就明白经济学家们是如何犯错误的

[C] 他们相信，有必要拒绝一些小的利润来获取大的利润

[D] 他们知道，长久以来，从心理学的角度来看，经济利润是不值得去追求的

答案：C　难度系数：☆☆☆☆

分析：推理题。根据第一段，心理学家和经济学家的分歧在于，心理学家看到的是最终的结果，而经济学家注重的是切实的利润；心理学家认为，并不是所有的小利益都要去追求，可以舍小取大。因此，选项C是正确的。选项A显然是错误的。选项B中的prove这个词不准确。而选项D的错误在于，不是financial gains are not worth pursuing，不值得追求的是little financial gains。

2. In the second paragraph, the sentence “In this case, taking a tough, if self-sacrificial, line at the beginning pays dividends in future rounds of the game.” means that _____.

[A] taking an uncompromising attitude at the beginning will lose more in the future rounds of the game

[B] people who are not so calculating at the beginning will get good returns in the end

[C] people who are selfless will get more in the end

[D] taking a tough line at the beginning will pay more cost in the future game

2. 在第二段中，“在这个事情上，如果自我牺牲，从一开始就采取强硬姿态，会在未来几轮游戏中支付额外的资金”，这句话的意思是 _____。

[A] 从一开始就采取强硬的态度，会在未来的几轮游戏中失去得更多

[B] 那些从一开始就不是很计较的人最后可以获得好的收益

[C] 无私的人最终会得到更多

[D] 从一开始就采取强硬的态度会在未来的游戏中付出更大的代价

答案：B　难度系数：☆☆☆

分析：推理题。根据上下文可以推断出这句话的意思，下文提到，拒绝小气的给予会是更大策略中的一步，那么可以推断出，这句话的意思就是，一开始不要贪图所有的大小利益，而是要有长远的眼光，这样才能取得更大的收益。因此，选项B最为符合。

3. The result of Dr. Burnham's study in the one-round game players shows that _____.

[A] men with high testosterone levels are usually more motivated to reject by the low offer

[B] the fact testosterone is closely connected with social dominance proves people could hardly see a rival go ahead

[C] men with high testosterone are more likely to reject the tenets of classical economics

[D] men with high testosterone pay more attention to the relative gains

3. Burnham博士对于单轮游戏参与者的研究的结果表明 _____。

[A] 睾丸激素高的人更有拒绝低给予的冲动

[B] 睾丸激素和社会优势有着密切的联系，这一事实证明了人们不能容忍看到对手领先于自己

[C] 睾丸激素高的人更趋向于拒绝传统的经济学原则

[D] 睾丸激素高的人更注重相关联的利润

答案：D　难度系数：☆☆

分析：推理题。根据Burnham博士的研究结果，是拒绝低给予的回应者的睾丸激素水平要比那些接受的人高出50%以上，那么可以说明，这些人更注重相关联的利润而不是眼前的利益。因此，答案为D。

4. The point Dr. Burnham has concluded from his study is that _____.

[A] money is irrelevant when people seek for reprod-uctive opportunities

[B] people prefer non-financial ways to fulfill their purpose of gaining social status

[C] what people really strive for is relative rather than absolute prosperity

[D] the definition of rationality is different between the fields of economics and psychology

4. Burnham博士从他的研究中得出的论点是 _____。

[A] 当人们寻求再生的机会时，金钱就是无关紧要的了

[B] 人们更倾向于用非金钱的方式来实现他们取得社会地位的目标

[C] 人们真正追求的是相对财富，而不是绝对财富

[D] 经济学和心理学对于“理性”的定义是不一样的

答案：C　难度系数：☆☆☆

分析：细节题。第六段提到，Burnham博士最终的结论支持的是对传统经济学原则的更深层的拒绝，是人们真正追求的是相对的财富而不是绝对的财富。因此，选项C最为符合。选项A和B具有一定的误导性，文章最后一句指出：If another route brings that status more directly, money is irrelevant. 即“如果有另外一条路可以更为直接地达到目的，金钱就是不相关的。”而这两个选项都是对这句话的错误理解。D选项也对应于文章的最后一段：Economists often refer to this sort of behaviour as irrational. In fact, it is not. It is simply, as it were, differently rational. 两种理性确实是不同的，但是文章没有明确指出其定义在两个学科领域中是完全不同的。

5. Which one of the following statements is TRUE of the behaviour of rejecting a low offer mentioned in the passage?

[A] This kind of behaviour is irrational as a matter of fact.

[B] This kind of behaviour pays more attention to the social status rather than money.

[C] This kind of behaviour could bring desirable repro-ductive opportunities.

[D] This kind of behaviour is rational from a long view.

5. 关于文章中提到的拒绝低给予的行为，下列哪个陈述是正确的？

[A] 这种行为实际上是不理智的。

[B] 这种行为更注重社会地位而不是金钱。

[C] 这种行为可以带来理想的再生机会。

[D] 这种行为从长远来看是理智的。

答案：D　难度系数：☆☆☆

分析：推理题。最后一段提到，经济学家认为这种行为是不理智的，而实际上是一种理智的行为；心理学家从更高更深的层面来看，金钱只是达到目的的一种手段，而为了达到一定的目的拒绝眼前的蝇头小利是理智的行为。因此，选项D是正确的。





参考译文


长期以来，心理学家认为经济学家是错误的。大多数经济学家，至少是那些有着传统信念的人认为，任何经济利润，不管其有多小都值得拥有。但是心理学家认为不是这么回事，他们知道这一点是因为，终极游戏的结果总是人们拒绝免费的金钱。

在这场游戏中，一个玩家将一罐钱分给自己和另外一个人，接着，另外这个人选择是否接受，如果他拒绝接受，那么两个玩家就都不能受益。虽然传统的经济学认为，人在本能上会接受这笔钱，小气的给予（另一个人得到不到总数1/4的钱）实际上经常被拒绝。问题就是，为什么会这样？

对于拒绝的策略，一个解释是，人类的心理更习惯重复的交互作用，而不是一次性的交易。在这个事情上，如果自我牺牲，从一开始就采取强硬姿态，会在未来几轮游戏中支付额外的资金。因此，在一次性的游戏中拒绝小气的给予是一个更大计划中的一步。实际上，当有经验的经济学家玩一次性的终极游戏时，他们确实比一般人更倾向于接受小气的给予，这些经济学家都很清楚上面的这些情况。但是他们也有一定的局限。为了弄清楚为什么存在这些局限，哈佛大学的Terence Burnham最近组织了一群微观经济学的学生，让他们玩这种终极游戏。他选择的所有学生都是男性。

Burnham博士的研究资金被投到一系列40美元的游戏中。在这种终极游戏中有许多回合，玩家学习更加平等地分配金钱。但是Burnham博士只对那些只玩一轮的游戏感兴趣。在这个游戏中，玩家事先就知道这一轮是最后的结局，因此不会影响未来的结果，分钱者只能选择给其他玩家25美元（也就是说超过全部金额的一半）或者是5美元。回应者像通常那样可以接受或拒绝该出价。这些结果都记录在案，Burnham博士从所有的学生那里搜集了唾液的样本，并将这些样本中的睾丸激素和单轮游戏中做出的决策进行对比。

他在《皇家社会学报》中描述道，拒绝低最终给予的回应者的睾丸激素的平均水平要比那些接受的人高出50%以上。睾丸激素水平最高的7个人中，有5个拒绝了5美元的最终给予，而其他的19个人里只有1个做出了相同的决定。

Burnham博士的最终结论支持的不是基于谈判技巧的轻微错误发展的传统经济学原则，而是对传统经济学原则的更深层的拒绝。事实支持这个观点，即人们真正追求的是相对财富而非绝对财富。他们宁可自己拿得少些，而不愿看到对手多拿。那些睾丸激素水平高的人更是这样，因为该激素和许多物种的社会优势有关。

经济学家经常认为这种行为是不理智的。而实际上这是理智的，只是不同的理智而已。金钱可以买到的只是达到某个目的的方法而已，如社会地位，达到目的便给人们带来他们想要的再生机会。如果有另外一条路可以更为直接地达到目的，金钱就是不相关的。





TEXT FOUR


Launching people into space may make headlines but it does little useful science. So when George Bush redirected America's space agency, NASA, away from scientific research and towards a manned return to the moon in 2004, many scientists were disappointed. Now the agency has finally offered some small morsels of comfort in the form of four projects that could accompany efforts for a lunar return.

The most exciting of these is the plan for a radio telescope that could be placed on the far side of the moon. Such a device would look back at the early universe to the time when large-scale structures such as galaxies and stars formed. A lunar-based radio telescope would be able to detect long wavelengths that cannot be sensed on Earth because they are absorbed by the outermost layers of the planet's atmosphere. Moreover, by pointing the telescope away from the din of shorter-wavelength radio waves that are used for communication on Earth, astrophysicists would be able to see the early universe in unprecedented detail.

Finding alien life might also be possible with such a telescope. It would be able to map the magnetic fields of stars and exoplanets (planets that circle stars outside the solar system). It is the magnetic field of the Earth that protects its inhabitants from being bombarded by high-energy particles from space that would otherwise leave the planet sterile. Detecting a magnetic field surrounding an Earth-like exoplanet would prove a promising sign for finding extraterrestrial life.

The proposal, led by Joseph Lazio, of the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, D.C., is to create an array of three arms arranged in a Y-shape, each of which would be 500 metres long and contain 16 antennae. Each arm would be made of a plastic film that could be rolled out onto the surface of the moon, either by robots or by astronauts.

A second project, headed by Michael Collier, of the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, would examine how the solar wind—a stream of charged particles ejected from the sun—interacts with the tenuous lunar atmosphere close to the moon's surface. Such bombardment produces low-energy X-rays that would be detected on the surface of the moon.

The third and fourth projects are similar both to each other and to earlier ventures dropped on the moon by the Apollo and the Soviet Luna missions in the late 1960s and 1970s. Some 35 years on, reflectors placed on the lunar surface are still used by scientists interested in geophysics and geodesy (for example, how the moon's gravitational field shifts over time). Most of the reflectors are clustered close to the lunar equator. The proposals, led by Stephen Merkowitz, also of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, and Douglas Currie, of the University of Maryland, are to sprinkle some more sophisticated versions over more of the moon's surface.

Such efforts may attract little attention compared with the launch of the space shuttle Endeavor this week. Nevertheless, when NASA argues that putting people into space inspires young people to study science, it is precisely these endeavours that it wishes to encourage.

1. George Bush redirected NASA away from scientific research because _____.

[A] he thought scientific research is useless in the long term

[B] he thought launching people into space was not the first priority

[C] he thought NASA should manage its own business

[D] he thought research was not so practical

2. Which one of the following statements is TRUE of the radio telescope?

[A] The radio telescope could look back at the structures of galaxies and stars when they were firstly formed.

[B] The device would be interfering with shorter-wavelength radio waves used for communication on Earth.

[C] The device could protect long wavelength from being absorbed by the outermost layers of the planet's atmosphere.

[D] The device could have unique functions mainly because of the position it would be adjusted.

3. The radio telescope might also be useful in searching for extraterrestrial beings in that _____.

[A] it could let the astrophysicists examine all the planets in unprecedented detail

[B] it could find out the magnetic field which could protect beings from being attacked by space particles

[C] it could detect any star and exoplanet surrounding the Earth

[D] it could search out the promising sign for finding extraterrestrial life

4. The word “tenuous” (Line 2, Paragraph 5) most probably means _____.

[A] slender

[B] dilute

[C] flimsy

[D] thick

5. The third and fourth projects are different from earlier ventures dropped on the moon in the following aspects except _____.

[A] the position of the reflectors remains on the lunar surface

[B] more advanced applications will be adopted for research

[C] the scope of reflectors will be expanded on the lunar equator

[D] more surface of the moon will be covered





文章剖析


这篇文章讲述了美国重新规划的四个太空项目。第一段讲述Bush总统重新规划了美国宇航局的任务；第二、第三和第四段介绍的是第一个项目——无线电天文望远镜计划；第五段和第六段分别讲述了其余三个项目；第七段讲述了美国宇航局对这些项目的看法。





词汇注释


morsel n. 少量

din n.（德国工业标准感光片感光度单位）度，定

astrophysicist n. 天体物理学家

extraterrestrial adj. 地球外的

geodesy n. 测地学

sprinkle vt. 喷洒





难句突破


① So when George Bush redirected America's space agency, NASA, away from scientific research and towards a manned return to the moon in 2004, many scientists were disappointed.

主体句式：...many scientists were...

结构分析：本句包含了一个由when引导的时间状语从句。

句子译文：因此，当George Bush在2004年要求美国宇航局将重点从科学研究转移到载人重返月球时，很多科学家都倍感失望。

② A second project, headed by Michael Collier, of the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, would examine how the solar wind—a stream of charged particles ejected from the sun—interacts with the tenuous lunar atmosphere close to the moon's surface.

主体句式：A second project..., would examine...

结构分析：这是一个复合句，how引导的是宾语从句；分词结构headed...修饰前面的project。

句子译文：第二项计划的负责人是美国宇航局戈达德太空飞行中心的Michael Collier，该计划将研究太阳风——太阳喷射出的一束带电粒子流——如何与月球表面稀薄的大气相互作用。





题目分析


1. George Bush redirected NASA away from scientific research because _____.

[A] he thought scientific research is useless in the long term

[B] he thought launching people into space was not the first priority

[C] he thought NASA should manage its own business

[D] he thought research was not so practical

1. George Bush重新规划了美国宇航局的科学研究，是因为 _____。

[A] 他认为科学研究从长远来看是没用的

[B] 他认为将人类送往太空不是第一要务

[C] 他认为美国宇航局应该管好自己的事情

[D] 他认为研究不是那么实用

答案：D　难度系数：☆☆☆☆

分析：推理题。根据第一段，将人类送往太空对科学研究没有多少用处，但是，George Bush重新规划了美国宇航局的任务，将重点转移到载人重返月球。因此，选项D最为符合题意。

2. Which one of the following statements is TRUE of the radio telescope?

[A] The radio telescope could look back at the structures of galaxies and stars when they were firstly formed.

[B] The device would be interfering with shorter-wavelength radio waves used for communication on Earth.

[C] The device could protect long wavelength from being absorbed by the outermost layers of the planet's atmosphere.

[D] The device could have unique functions mainly because of the position it would be adjusted.

2. 关于无线电望远镜，下列哪个陈述是正确的？

[A] 通过无线电望远镜可以了解到银河系和行星形成时的结构。

[B] 该装置会干扰地球上用于通讯的波长较短的无线电波。

[C] 该装置可以保护长波不被地球大气层最外面的一层吸收。

[D] 该装置有特殊的功能，主要是在于它要调节到的位置。

答案：D　难度系数：☆☆☆

分析：细节题。根据第二段，选项A，用该望远镜是要了解星体形成时的宇宙的情况，而不是它们的结构。选项B，没有提到是否会干扰。选项C，并不是保护，而是因为它所处的位置可以探测到没有被大气层吸收的波长。选项D，文章提到了望远镜被安装在离无线电波很远的地方，这样才可以看到早期宇宙的情况。因此，答案为D。

3. The radio telescope might also be useful in searching for extraterrestrial beings in that _____.

[A] it could let the astrophysicists examine all the planets in unprecedented detail

[B] it could find out the magnetic field which could protect beings from being attacked by space particles