4. According to the passage, the following adjectives can be used to describe Mr. Khan except _____.

[A] venerated

[B] vain and brash

[C] reckless and mindless

[D] cruel

4. 根据本文，除了 _____ 之外，以下的形容词都可以用来形容Khan先生。

[A] 受崇敬的

[B] 自负的、无礼的

[C] 鲁莽的、愚笨无知的

[D] 残忍的

答案：A　难度系数：☆☆

分析：细节题。本文第五段和第六段有关于Khan先生的介绍，第五段介绍他因捕杀濒临灭绝的动物而被判处监禁，他还曾鲁莽地开车轧死、轧伤几个在人行道上睡觉的人，这两点可以说明他是残忍的，也比较鲁莽。而第六段提到他是为了和Bachchan做比较。文中提到：Where Mr. Khan is vain and brash, he has a reputation for humility and Hindu piety. 该句子是一个转折句，主句中的he指的是Bachchan而不是Khan，因此，Khan是自负的、无礼的，而Bachchan是谦逊的、虔诚的。因此，答案为A。

5. The best title of this passage can be _____.

[A] The Shady Bollywood

[B] Mr. Dutt's Legal History

[C] Shady Stars of Bollywood

[D] Bollywood or Bullywood?

5. 文章最佳的题目是 _____。

[A] 阴暗的宝莱坞

[B] Dutt先生的法律纠纷历史

[C] 宝莱坞的问题影星

[D] Bollywood还是Bullywood？（注：bully为“欺凌弱小者”）

答案：D　难度系数：☆☆☆☆

分析：主旨题。这篇文章由Khan先生的案例开始，介绍了宝莱坞的一些明星触犯法律的情况。选项B只是说明了文章介绍的一部分内容，不能作为题目；而A、C和D都可以作为题目，但是三个题目中的D最为形象，是最好的题目。





参考译文


7月31日，印度影星Sanjay Dutt被判处六年监禁，他提出上诉的同时要求保释。“先生，我犯了个错，”他这样说。但法官说不行。Dutt的罪行比较严重，他从穆斯林匪徒那里拿到两支枪，而这些匪徒是1993年孟买爆炸袭击案的主犯。不过，法官要求48岁的Dutt服完刑后重返银屏。“别烦恼，”他说，“你前面的路还长着呢，就像 《麦肯纳淘金记》的演员Gregory Peck一样。”

去年，Dutt被宣告有罪，已经在监狱服刑16个月。他被赦免直接参与爆炸事件的罪名，这些爆炸事件共炸死了257人。爆炸事件发生于1993年，是为了报复印度教狂热教徒毁坏印度圣城阿逾陀一座古老的清真寺以及随后发生的印度-穆斯林暴乱。已有100人因该爆炸事件被判有罪，并且已在过去三个月里被量刑，其中12人被判处死刑，20人被判终身监禁。但是这些袭击的所谓的策划者仍然逍遥法外，印度官员断言，其中一个名叫Dawood Ibrahim的孟买歹徒与基地组织有关系，目前藏匿在巴基斯坦。

尽管Dutt短期内的前景看起来比较黯淡，但他已经因扮演硬汉式的平凡角色而出名，他的事业不会因此而受到太大影响。作为两个宝莱坞大影星、印度-穆斯林夫妻的儿子，他已经为自己的遭遇攒够了同情。许多印度人都相信他所说的，即他是为了在暴乱中保护自己的家庭才要那些枪支的。其他宝莱坞明星也对Dutt表示支持，程度不亚于他们的好莱坞同行对全球变暖问题的担心。

不过，宝莱坞却是阴暗的。长时间以来，许多匪徒和无耻的政客一直在通过电影业洗黑钱。实际上，2001年，Dutt先生就因为洗钱受到过调查，其他最近在法庭出现的宝莱坞明星还有Monica Bedi，她被控买卖假护照。其同伙是另外一个孟买匪徒，名叫Abu Salem，就是此人将枪支交给Dutt的。目前，他因被指控参与了1993年的爆炸事件而在等待审判。

一位更有名的宝莱坞明星Salman Khan目前正在提起上诉，他因偷猎一只濒临灭绝的羚羊和两只瞪羚而分别被判处五年监禁和一年监禁。目前，关于这起案子的一部宝莱坞电影已经在策划中。Khan还得为自己的一个已经进行了四年的指控反抗，当时他鲁莽地驾车轧过了五个躺在孟买的人行道上睡觉的人，其中一人死亡。

相反，宝莱坞最著名的明星Amitabh Bachchan，通常被称作“大B”的，却受到崇敬。Khan自负而又无礼，而他却因谦虚和虔诚地信奉印度教而闻名。但是目前有人揭发说，Bachchan先生和他的影星儿子Abhishek购买了本来是预留给农民的宝贵土地，因此他们也处于危险境地。印度社会党领导的前Uttar Pradesh邦政府分配给他们这片土地后，他们就进行了注册。Bachchan和该党一位著名的领袖Amar Singh，一位前社交名流交往甚密。而Bachchan先生的演员妻子Jaya现在也是Samajwadi党的政治家。





Unit 3


TEXT ONE


H.R. 676, the United States National Health Insurance Act, also known as “expanded and improved Medicare for all,” has moved through Congress, and is expected to be signed into law shortly. The legislation provides publicly funded health insurance, with a free choice of health care providers, for every United States citizen and permanent resident.

After the bill passed, Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi declared, “We can now proudly say that the United States has caught up with the rest of the developed world in granting all our citizens access to high-quality, comprehensive medical care.” Prior to the bill's passage, the U.S. health care system was widely regarded to be in a state of severe crisis. Over 46 million Americans have been without health insurance and another 50 million have been under-insured.

Despite spending more money per capita on health care than any other nation, the U.S. has lagged behind many countries in such key health-related categories as life preventable deaths. The Institute of Medicine estimates that in recent years approximately 22,000 people have died annually in the U.S. due to a lack of health insurance. Furthermore, nearly one million Americans, many who have private health insurance plans, have filed for bankruptcy each year because they have been unable to pay medical bills. In recent polls, a clear majority of Americans have said they believe government should guarantee health care for all U.S. residents.

Despite growing popular support for a single-payer system, Pelosi acknowledged that Congress would not have voted for this bill without the dedicated grassroots organizing of national groups like Healthcare-NOW and Physicians for National Health Program, regional groups like the California Nurses Association and the New York-based Private Health Insurance Must Go Coalition, and over 450 union organizations across the country that had endorsed H.R. 676. Pelosi said that many formerly undecided congressional representatives were also swayed by seeing Michael Moore's film, “Sicko,” and by the cogent arguments presented in a 2008 pocket-sized books, “10 Excellent Reasons for National Health Care,” edited by Mary E. O'Brien and Martha Livingston, which was given to every member of Congress.

Under the private insurance system that has been in place until now, 30 percent of health insurance premiums have gone toward administrative costs, including advertising, profits, and executive salaries. This compares with a 3 percent cost for administering Medicare. Moving from the private health insurance system to single-payer is expected to save $350 billion dollars each year, enough to fund health care for those who are currently uninsured or under insured.

Under the H.R. 676, the expanded Medicare for All system will be paid for through a 3.3 percent payroll tax on employers and employees, a stock transfer tax, an income tax surcharge on the top 5 percent of taxpayers, and by reversing the Bush tax cuts on the wealthiest Americans. According to the Congressional Budget Office, most U.S. residents—including those who previously received employer-based coverage—will pay less for this new public health insurance than they did for their private insurance, since there will no longer be any premium, copy, or deductible charges. Eliminating private insurance companies, including HMOs, and moving to a publicly administered system will be no simple ask. The private health-care industry is enormous, employing over 14 million people and costing 2.3 trillion dollars in 2007.

1. Which of the following statements is NOT true about the H.R. 676?

[A] It is expected to take effect soon.

[B] People enjoy freedom in choosing health care providers.

[C] The U.S. health care system once collapsed.

[D] The medical care is characterized by high quality and comprehensiveness.

2. The word “lagged” (Line 1, Paragraph 3) most probably means _____.

[A] delayed

[B] not caught up with

[C] tracked

[D] left

3. According to Pelosi, the followings are the reasons that Congress voted for this bill except that _____.

[A] special grassroots organizations are formed

[B] the film “Sicko” has swayed Congress members' attitude

[C] 30% of the premiums were paid for the administrative expense

[D] persuasive theory in the pocket-sized book affects people's thought

4. The single-payer system is more beneficial than private insurance mainly because _____.

[A] the former provides high-quality, comprehensive medical care

[B] private insurance is more expensive

[C] it allows people to choose health care providers with freedom

[D] premiums in private insurance can't be distributed reasonably

5. Towards the legislation, the author's attitude can be said to be _____.

[A] affirmative

[B] negative

[C] biased

[D] neutral





文章剖析


本文主要介绍美国国家医疗保险方案的通过将使美国的医疗保险制度得到进一步的完善。文章第一段介绍医疗保险方案已被国会通过，将于近期签署生效；第二段讲述法案生效后，美国将摆脱医疗保险制度的严峻危机，从而赶上其他发达国家的步伐；第三段指出尽管美国在人均医疗服务方面投入更多的资金，但在与健康相关的关键领域依然落后于许多国家，美国民众认为政府应该保障其享有医疗服务；最后三段着重介绍政府单一给付体制相对于私人保险制度的优势，但也指出，实现私人医保制度向政府单一给付体制的转变绝非易事。





词汇注释


lag v. 落后；滞后

coalition n. 联合；结合

endorse v. 签署；背书；认可，赞同

sicko n. 道德败坏的人；神经有问题的人

cogent adj. 使人信服的；强有力的

surcharge n. 附加费，额外费用

premium n. 额外费用；保险费；奖金

deductible adj. 可扣除的；可减免的





难句突破


① Despite growing popular support for a single-payer system, Pelosi acknowledged that Congress would not have voted for this bill without the dedicated grassroots organizing of national groups like Healthcare-NOW and Physicians for National Health Program, regional groups like the California Nurses Association and the New York-based Private Health Insurance Must Go Coalition, and over 450 union organizations across the country that had endorsed H.R. 676.

主题句式：...Pelosi acknowledged that Congress would not have voted for this bill without...

结构分析：这个长句里面包含了让步状语从句、宾语从句和限制性定语从句。Despite引导的让步状语从句为整句定下基调，紧接着Pelosi acknowledged that后接宾语从句“国会议员将不会为该法案投票”，without后接三个并列成分“国家组织”、“区域组织”和“联合组织”作为复合结构，作为国会议员不会投票的条件，and后的部分包含一个由that引导的限制性定语从句，先行词是450 union organizations。

句子译文：佩洛西认为，尽管越来越多的人支持单一给付体制，但是如果没有专门的基层国家组织，如“医疗保健—就是现在”和“国民健康医师项目”等，以及区域组织，如“加州护士协会”和“纽约私人医保联盟”等类似组织的参与，以及全国超过450个联合组织同意H. R. 676，国会议员将不会为该法案投票。

② Pelosi said that many formerly undecided congressional representatives were also swayed by seeing Michael Moore's film, “Sicko,” and by the cogent arguments presented in a 2008 pocket-sized books, “10 Excellent Reasons for National Health Care,” edited by Mary E. O'Brien and Martha Livingston, which was given to every member of Congress.

主题句式：Pelosi said that many formerly undecided congressional representatives were also swayed...

结构分析：这个看似结构复杂的长句主体结构其实很简单。其中，and引导了两个并列成分Michael Moore's film, “Sicko”和cogent arguments presented in a 2008 pocket-sized books, “10 Excellent Reasons for National Health Care”，其中“Sicko”和“10 Excellent Reasons for National Health Care”是两处插入语，这两个并列成分是国会代表转变摇摆不定的态度的关键。最后edited by...，which was... 其实是用来修饰“10 Excellent Reasons for National Health Care”的后置定语。

句子译文：他还指出，许多以前态度就摇摆不定的国会代表在看了迈克尔·摩尔拍摄的电影《医疗内幕》以及2008年由玛丽·E. 奥布赖恩和玛莎·利文斯顿共同编写的《国民医疗保险的10大主因》这部口袋书里所列举的强大理论后，现在态度也发生了改变，其中这本口袋书国会议员人手一本。





题目分析


1. Which of the following statements is NOT true about the H.R. 676?

[A] It is expected to take effect soon.

[B] People enjoy freedom in choosing health care providers.

[C] The U.S. health care system once collapsed.

[D] The medical care is characterized by high quality and comprehensiveness.

1. 下面关于H.R. 676的说法哪项是错误的？

[A] 它有望在近期生效。

[B] 人们可以自由选择医疗服务机构。

[C] 美国的医疗保险制度曾一度崩溃。

[D] 这种医疗保险制度的特点在于高质量且全方位。

答案：C　难度系数：☆☆☆

分析：细节题。题目要求找出对H.R. 676表述错误的一项。A项在第一段有所提及，...is expected to be signed into law shortly说明有望近期签署生效。B项在第一段也有体现，...with a free choice of health care providers说明可以自由选择医疗服务机构。第二段中的the U.S. health care system was widely regarded to be in a state of severe crisis说的是医疗保险制度面临严重危机，并未表明一度崩溃，且它不属于该法案的特点，因此C项表述错误。D项在第二段中有体现，说美国已经赶上其他发达国家，拥有高质量且全方位的医疗保险制度，其实也就是H.R. 676本身具备了high-quality and comprehensiveness的特点。

2. The word “lagged” (Line 1, Paragraph 3) most probably means _____.

[A] delayed

[B] not caught up with

[C] tracked

[D] left

2. 单词“lagged”（第三段第一行）最有可能的意思是_____。

[A] 延迟

[B] 赶不上

[C] 跟踪

[D] 离开

答案：B　难度系数：☆☆

分析：猜词题。句首处despite表转折，说“与其他国家相比，尽管美国在人均医疗服务方面投入了更多的资金，但……”, 而且lagged后面接的是behind，据此大概能猜出这个短语是落在了后面的意思，结合上下文可知，尽管投了这么多钱，但还是赶不上其他国家。所以lagged是“落后，赶不上”的意思。

3. According to Pelosi, the followings are the reasons that Congress voted for this bill except that _____.

[A] special grassroots organizations are formed

[B] the film “Sicko” has swayed Congress members' attitude

[C] 30% of the premiums were paid for the administrative expense

[D] persuasive theory in the pocket-sized book affects people's thought

3. 根据佩洛西所说，下列选项中除了_____都是国会为这项法案投票的原因。

[A] 成立了一些专门的基层组织

[B] 电影《医疗内幕》动摇了国会议员的态度

[C] 30%的保险费用花在了行政开销上

[D] 口袋书中具有说服力的理论影响了人们的思想

答案：C　难度系数：☆☆

分析：细节题。国会议员为这项法案投票的原因出现在第四段：Congress would not have voted for this bill without the dedicated grassroots organizing of... 由此可得出A是正确的。由Pelosi said that many formerly undecided congressional representatives were also swayed by...可知国会议员的态度受到了下文提到的电影和书的影响，sway意为“动摇”，可见，这些还是触动了议员，故 B和D 也正确。C项说的是私人保险费用花在了哪些方面，与议员投票没有直接关系，故答案为C项。

4. The single-payer system is more beneficial than private insurance mainly because _____.

[A] the former provides high-quality, comprehensive medical care

[B] private insurance is more expensive

[C] it allows people to choose health care providers with freedom

[D] premiums in private insurance can't be distributed reasonably

4. 单一给付体制比私人保险更有益的主要原因是 _____。

[A] 前者能提供高质量且全方位的医疗服务

[B] 私人保险费用更昂贵

[C] 它允许人们自由选择医疗服务机构

[D] 私人保险中的保险费得不到合理分配

答案：D　难度系数：☆☆☆☆☆

分析：推理题。最后两段通过和私人保险做对比，显示出单一给付体制的优越性。其中提到，30%的医疗保险费用都花在了行政开销上，如广告、利润以及工资支出等，而用于医疗保险实施的支出只占全部的3%左右。在新的公共医疗保险制度下，额外保险费、重复缴费或扣费都不复存在，因此人们可以支付比购买私人保险更少的费用。归根结底，私人保险费用不能被合理分配，而实际用于医疗保险方面的只有3%。相比而言，单一给付体制将避免这些问题，因此益处更多，当然受到人们的青睐。故D项为正确答案。

5. Towards the legislation, the author's attitude can be said to be _____.

[A] affirmative

[B] negative

[C] biased

[D] neutral

5. 作者对这项法案的态度可以认为是_____。

[A] 肯定的

[B] 否定的

[C] 有偏见的

[D] 中立的

答案：A　难度系数：☆☆☆

分析：态度题。文章虽然措辞比较客观，但是从作者的论述过程中还是可以发现，作者对这项医疗保险法案还是很赞同的，如拿私人保险与单一给付体制做对比，突出单一给付体制的优势，这些都可以看出作者肯定的态度。故A项为正确答案。





参考译文


H.R. 676, 美国国家医疗保险方案，又名“扩大改进全民医疗保险方案”目前国会已通过，并有望于近期签署生效。该法案将为每一位美国公民和在美国永久居住的公民提供公共医疗保险基金，并允许他们自主选择医疗服务机构。

该法案通过后，众议院发言人南希·佩洛西发表声明说，“我们现在可以自豪地说，在保障公民享受高质量且全方位的医疗服务方面，美国已经赶上了世界其他发达国家的步伐。”而在该法案通过之前，人们都普遍认为美国的医疗保险制度已经面临严峻危机。超过4600万美国民众一直没有医疗保险，另有5000万人享受的保险服务低于应有水平。

与其他国家相比，尽管美国在人均医疗服务方面投入了更多的资金，但与健康息息相关的关键领域，如可预防性死亡等方面，还是落后于许多国家。据美国医学研究所预测，近年来，每年约有2.2万人因为没有医疗保险而死亡。此外，每年，近一百万美国人尽管有私人医疗保险，但是由于无力支付医疗费而申请破产。最近的民意调查显示，绝大多数美国人认为政府应该保障其公民的医疗服务项目。

佩洛西认为，尽管越来越多的人支持单一给付体制（由单一机构［政府］提供医疗服务所需的所有资金，让原本无法获得医疗服务的民众获得医疗保障，实现全民医疗保险，而且民众无论是否就业，都可获得单一给付体制的保障），但是如果没有专门的基层国家组织，如“医疗保健—就是现在”和“国民健康医师项目”等，以及区域组织，如“加州护士协会”和“纽约私人医保联盟”等类似组织的参与，以及全国超过450个联合组织同意H.R. 676，国会议员将不会为该法案投票。他还指出，许多以前态度就摇摆不定的国会代表在看了迈克尔·摩尔拍摄的电影《医疗内幕》以及2008年由玛丽·E. 奥布赖恩和玛莎·利文斯顿共同编写的《国民医疗保险的10大主因》这部口袋书里所列举的强大理论后，现在态度也发生了改变，其中这本口袋书国会议员人手一本。