A. represented

B. to represent

C. do they represent

D. represent

34. The parents scolded the child and made her promise 　　　 again.

A. never to do that

B. what to do never

C. that never to do that

D. so never to do that

35. I spoke to the kid kindly 　　　 him.

A. not to frighten

B. so as not to frighten

C. in order to not frighten

D. for not frightening

36. The child may be able to attain his immediate goal 　　　 that his method brings criticism from people who observe him.

A. only to find

B. only find

C. only finding

D. only have found

37. The student continued to do mischief in class even though his teacher repeatedly told him 　　　.

A. not doing

B. not

C. not to

D. to

38. The teacher doesn't allow 　　　 on the exam.

A. his students to cheat

B. his students' cheating

C. to cheat

D. his students cheat

39. The total influence of literature upon the course of human history 　　　.

A. is difficult to evaluate

B. is difficult to evaluate it

C. difficult to evaluate it

D. it is difficult to evaluate

40. Those naughty boys were caught 　　　 flowers in the garden again.

A. to steal

B. stealing

C. to have stolen

D. having stolen

41. Much of the forest, along with the farmland, near the Mount Saint Helens volcano, appears to 　　　 at the time of the eruption.

A. be destroying

B. have been destroying

C. be destroyed

D. have been destroyed

42. By the first decade of the 21st century, international commercial air traffic is expected 　　　 vastly beyond today's levels.

A. to have extended

B. to be extending

C. to extend

D. to be extended

43. A Dream of the Red Chamber is said 　　　 into dozens of languages in the last decade.

A. to have been translated

B. to translate

C. to be translated

D. to have translated

44. In 1938 Pearl S. Buck became the first American woman 　　　 the Nobel Prize for Literature.

A. receive

B. received

C. to receive

D. she received

45. The first explorer 　　　 California by land was Strong Smith, a trapper who crossed the southwestern deserts of the United States in 1825.

A. that he reached

B. to reach

C. reached

D. reaching it

46. If you still don't have an answer from the University of New York, why 　　　 call the admission office?

A. you don't

B. not to

C. not

D. don't

47. I'd rather have a room of my own, however small it is, than 　　　 a room with someone else.

A. to share

B. to have shared

C. share

D. sharing

48. Mrs. Brown is supposed 　　　 for Italy last week.

A. to have left

B. to be leaving

C. to leave

D. to have been left

49. For nearly four hours they waited for the decision, only 　　　 to come again next day.

A. they were told

B. to be told

C. to tell

D. being told

50. In order to 　　　 a passport, one must either present legal documents or call a witness to give evidence concerning one's identity.

A. be issued

B. issue

C. have issue

D. have been issued

51. As luck would have it, my teacher happened to 　　　 America when an earthquake occurred in his native place.

A. visit

B. have visited

C. be visiting

D. have been visiting

52. If we allow our imagination 　　　 by known research, our prophecies need not be sheer fantasy.

A. guided

B. be guided

C. to be guided

D. being guided

53. During the exam, the school authorities won't allow 　　　 freely.

A. to talk

B. talk

C. talking

D. to be talking

54. Since you changed lanes without signaling, you are as much 　　　 for the accident as us.

A. to be blamed

B. to blame

C. blamed

D. blaming

2. 辨别改错。

55. In order that (A) save the California condor from (B) extinction, a group of federal, local (C), and private organizations initiated a rescue (D) program.

56. Because of (A) the recent accidents, our parents forbid me from swimming (B) in the river unless (C) someone agrees to watch over (D) us.

57. Those part-time students expected to offer (A) some jobs on (B) campus during (C) the coming (D) summer vacation.

58. A conductor uses signals and gestures to let (A) the musicians to know (B) when to play (C) various parts of a composition (D).

59. Ogden Nash often extended (A) sentences over (B) several lines produce (C) surprising (D) and comical rhymes.

60. For thousands of years, people have used (A) some kind (B) of refrigeration cooling (C) beverages and preserve edibles (D).

61. The fragrant leaves (A) of the laurel plant to sell (B) commercially as bay leaves and are used for (C) seasoning foods (D).

62. As secretary (A) of transportation from 1975 to 1977, William Coleman worked to help (B) the bankrupt railroads in the northeastern United States solved (C) their financial (D) problems.

3. 分析下面文章中黑体部分的不定式所充当的句子成分，并把文章译成流畅的汉语。

There are two basic ways to see growth: one as a product, the other as a process. People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured. The worker who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language--all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts.

By contrast, the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine, since by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way. The process is not the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have, their caution or courage, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles. In this process, the journey never really ends; there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept.

In order to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a willingness to take risks, to confront the unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may "fail" at first. How we see ourselves as we try a new way of being is essential to our ability to grow. Do we perceive ourselves as quick and curious? If so, then we tend to take more chances and to be more open to unfamiliar experiences. Do we think we're shy and indecisive? Then our sense of timidity can cause us to hesitate, to move slowly, and not to take a step until we know the ground is safe. Do we think we're slow to adapt to change or that we're not smart enough to cope with a new challenge? Then we are likely to take a more passive role or not try at all.

These feelings of insecurity and self-doubt are both unavoidable and necessary if we are to change and grow. If we do not confront and overcome these internal fears and doubts, if we protect ourselves too much, then we cease to grow. We become trapped inside a shell of our own making.





第五章　动名词



动名词的构成即是在动词后面加-ing，构成doing的形式。它在意义上相当于一个名词，但同时又保留有动词的特征。说它相当于一个名词，是因为它在句中主要是充当名词可以充当的成分，比如作主语、宾语或表语，此外还可以作定语。说它保留有动词的特征，是因为它可以有自己的宾语，有自己的时态和语态变化，并且也可保留自己的逻辑主语。对于这些问题，本章都会详细讨论。因此本章内容安排如下：

5.1　动名词的作用（一）：作主语

5.2　动名词的作用（二）：作宾语

5.3　动名词的作用（三）：作表语

5.4　动名词的作用（四）：作定语

5.5　动名词的逻辑主语

5.6　动名词的时态和语态（一）：被动式（being done）

5.7　动名词的时态和语态（二）：完成式（having done）

5.8　there be的不定式与动名词形式





5.1　动名词的作用（一）：作主语

与不定式作主语不同，动名词作主语一般直接放在句首，谓语动词用单数。只有在某些特定的句型中才会出现把动名词放在句末作主语，句首用it形式主语来指代的情况，这类似于不定式作主语的结构。在这一节里我们将分别对这两种情况进行讨论。

5.1.1　动名词位于句首作主语

动名词作主语一般直接放在句首，谓语动词用单数。请看例句：

1　Hating people is like burning down your own house to get rid of a rat.

妙语点睛　这个句子的主语是hating people这个动名词短语，而不是people这个名词，所以谓语动词要用单数形式的is。

精品译文　憎恨别人，就好像为了赶走一只老鼠而把自己的房子烧掉。

讲到生别人的气，有一次笔者和一个外国朋友在网上聊天时，他说的一句话很有哲理，给笔者的印象非常深刻。他说：

2　Getting mad at others means other people are getting control of my emotions!

精品译文　如果我生别人的气，就意味着我让别人控制了自己的情绪！

所以，下次当你要对某人生气的时候，你就在心里问问自己：我宁愿让别人来控制我的情绪吗？如果不愿意，那我为什么还如此“惦念”他呢？因此要赶快把那个让你憎恨的人从你的大脑里赶走（take him/her out of your mind），不要让他占据你的心灵，把他忘掉（Forget）！如果实在不能忘掉，那怎么办？那就努力做到第二个“F”——Forgive（宽容，宽恕）。戴尔·卡耐基（Dale Carnegie）说：Instead of getting mad at people, let's try to understand them. Let's try to figure out why they do what they do. That's a lot more profitable and intriguing than criticism; and it breeds sympathy, tolerance and kindness. "To know all is to forgive all."（与其对别人生气，不如我们尽力去理解他们，搞清楚他们为什么这么做。这远比批评他们要有利和有意思得多，可以让我们去同情、容忍和仁慈，因为“理解一切，就能宽容一切”。）所以，当自己要生气、发怒的时候，我们不妨记住这两个“F”——Forget和Forgive，让自己学会忘记，不要让愤怒的坏情绪占据自己的心灵，哪怕只是一分钟！同时让自己学会宽容。真正做到“我的快乐，我做主”！

近几年，中国在环境污染、气候变化等问题上，经常遭到西方国家的指责。下面这句话是英国一个非政府组织代表批评西方政府在气候变化问题上对中国的态度。联合国气候变化大会2007年12月3日在印尼的巴厘岛开幕，就在会议开幕的当天，这个组织发布的报告认为，在气候变化问题上指责中国实际上是在转移话题，分散人们对于西方自身责任的注意力。关于这个问题，请看下面的例句：

3　Using the mass media to point the finger at China will not help get the global deal we need to avert climate change disaster. Not only have rich countries historically caused the problem, but they are also importing emissions from the developing world.

精品译文　利用大众传媒对中国横加指责，无助于达成我们制止气候变化灾难所需的全球协议。富国不仅在历史上是这一问题的始作俑者，它们现在也正在从发展中国家进口排放权。

下面这句话道出了外语学习的关键：

4　A: I studied French in high school but I never really learned it until I spent the summer in Paris.

B: Really using a language makes all the difference, doesn't it?

妙语点睛　这个句子的主语是really using a language这个动名词短语，这是动名词具有名词特征的一个体现。另外，using前面带有一个修饰语，即副词really，这又是动名词具有动词特征的一个体现，即动词可以被副词修饰。

精品译文　A：我是在高中时学习法语的，但直到上次去巴黎过了一个夏天我才觉得那才是真正的学习法语。

B：真正去使用一门外语感觉完全不一样，对吧？

其实，学习外语的关键在于“运用”，这里的“运用”不仅仅是用它来阅读，更重要的是用它来进行口语及书面的交流，否则学了也会很快忘记或荒废，这就叫“Use it or lose it!”

我们再来看其他例句：

5　Being deeply loved by someone gives you strength; while loving someone deeply gives you courage.

妙语点睛　这里第一个句子是动名词的被动结构作主语，副词deeply修饰动名词，同样是动名词具有动词特征的体现。

精品译文　被爱给你力量；爱人给你勇气。

6　No man is an isolated island. Your circle of friends is there to give you moral support. Spending time and engaging in worthwhile activities with them could give you a very satisfying feeling. Nothing feels better than having group support.

精品译文　没有人是一座孤岛，因为你有自己的朋友圈子，这会给你精神上的支持。和朋友待在一起，参加一些有意义的活动，这可以给你一种非常满意的感觉。没有什么比能获得团体的支持让你感觉更好的了。

此外，在各类考试中经常会出现动名词作主语的考题，比如下面这两道TOEFL题：

7　　　　 by transferring the blame to others is often called scapegoating. (TOEFL)

A. The eliminated problems

B. Eliminating problems

C. Eliminate problems

D. Problems are eliminated

正确答案　B。

妙语点睛　谓语动词是单数的is，选项A是复数的主语，因此排除。C和D都有谓语，是一个完整的句子，但我们这里只缺主语。所以B正确，即动名词短语作主语。

精品译文　通过把罪责推卸到别人身上，以此来逃避问题，这叫做找替罪羊。

8　　　　 to inanimate objects, such as machines, is a form of animism. (TOEFL)

A. When attributing emotion

B. Attributing emotion

C. Emotion is attributed

D. If emotion is attributed

正确答案　B。

妙语点睛　谓语动词是单数的is，句子缺少主语，因此空格处要填入一个名词性短语来充当主语。选项A有连词when，C是一个完整的句子，D有连词if，所以均不正确。因此B正确，即动名词短语作主语。

精品译文　认为没有生命的物体（如机器）也具有感情，这是一种“万物有灵论”的观点。

5.1.2　动名词位于句末作主语

上面刚刚讲过，作主语的动名词通常直接放在句首，这样的位置关系与习惯于放在句末作主语的不定式不同。不过，有时候我们也可以把动名词放在句末作主语，但这一般仅限于某些特定的句型。英文中有几个动名词后置作主语的固定句型，现列举如下：

一、句型一：it is no good/no use doing sth.

表示“干某事没有用”。这里的it只是形式主语，真正的主语是句末的动名词短语doing sth.。其中，no good可替换为any/some good, any/some/no use以及a waste of time等。其实，这里的doing的前面省去了介词in。请看例句：

1　It's no use crying over spilt milk.

妙语点睛　本句的字面意思是“牛奶被打翻了，再去哭是没有用的”，就相当于汉语说的“覆水难收（Spilt water cannot be gathered up again.）”或“后悔没用”。

精品译文　后悔没有用。

再看下面这个笑话：

2　When Helen was visiting an old aunt she had not seen for years, she saw a parrot on a perch in the corner of the room.

"Oh, what a lovely parrot you've got. Hello, Polly. Who's a pretty boy, then. Hello, Polly."

"It's no use talking to that parrot."

"Why?" joked Helen. "Is it tongue-tied（结巴的）?"

"No," said the aunt. "It's stuffed!"

精品译文　海伦去看望一个多年没见的姑姑，在姑姑家的墙角，她看到一只鹦鹉站在栖木上。

“哦，您这只鹦鹉多么可爱呀！你好，波利。真是个漂亮的孩子。你好，波利。”

“跟那个鹦鹉说话没用。”

“为什么？”海伦打趣地说，“它结巴了？”

“不是。”姑姑回答，“它是一只毛绒玩具！”

3　Is it any good trying to explain?

精品译文　努力解释有用吗？

4　It's not much use my buying salmon if you don't like fish.

精品译文　如果你不喜欢吃鱼的话，那么我就没必要买鲑鱼了。

5　It's simply a waste of time and money seeing that movie.

精品译文　看那个电影纯粹是浪费时间和金钱。

再来看下面这两个笑话：

6　Bobby: You're impossible, Claire. It's a waste of time talking to you. You're so stupid.

Dad: Stop upsetting your little sister. Say you're sorry.

Bobby: OK. Claire?

Claire: What?

Bobby: I'm sorry you're stupid!

妙语点睛　我们看到，这里的it's a waste of time后面接有动名词talking。这个笑话通过sorry的双关意思来制造幽默：sorry既可以表示“向某人道歉”，也可以表示某人因为某事而感到遗憾或失望。所以，say you're sorry是父亲要求Bobby向妹妹道歉，而Bobby说I'm sorry you're stupid!则是表示“我很遗憾你竟然这么笨！”

精品译文　鲍比：真拿你没办法，克莱尔。跟你说话简直是浪费时间。你太笨了！

父亲：不许你这么挖苦你妹妹。向她说对不起。

鲍比：好吧。克莱尔？

克莱尔：什么事？

鲍比：我很遗憾你竟然这么笨！

7　A: For goodness sake! You are SO stupid. It's a waste of time trying to explain it to you. You're the closest thing to a complete idiot!

B: Oh! So you want me to move away from you, do you?

妙语点睛　我们看到，这里的it's a waste of time后面接有动名词trying。理解这个笑话的关键在于the closest thing to a complete idiot。A的意思是“你几乎是一个十足的白痴”，即把closest理解成“接近，几乎是”；B则是按字面意思理解成“你现在是离一个大笨蛋最近的人”，这就是说A是complete idiot，所以B问道：“你是想让我离你远点？”

精品译文　A：看在老天的份上！你太笨了。跟你解释那件事情简直就是浪费时间。你几乎是一个十足的白痴！

B：哦，那么你是想让我离你远点了，对吗？

二、句型二：there is no point/use/good（in）doing sth.

表示“干某事没有必要/没有意义”，“干某事没有用”。请看例句：

8　There is no point in my going out to date someone. I might really like if I met him at the time, but who, right now, has no chance of being anything to me but a transitional man.

精品译文　现在让我出去和人约会没有用。如果我碰上了意中人，我自然会爱上他的。可是在现在这个时候我跟谁也不会有结果的，除非是为了解解闷。

9　There is no use your arguing with him.

精品译文　你没必要和他争论。

再看下面这两个笑话：

10　A boy fell from a tree and hit his head. In the ambulance, the doctor asked him his name.

"What's your name, young man?"

"Why?" asked the boy.

"So that we can tell your family."

"But there's no point in doing that. They already know my name!"

精品译文　一个男孩从树上掉下来摔破了头。在救护车上，医生问他的名字。

“你叫什么名字，年轻人？”