1　That the seas are being overfished has been known for years. What researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast things are changing.

图解难句



that the seas are being overfished 主语从句。其中that引导的从句的谓语动词是are being overfished

has been known for years 主句的谓语。

what researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown 主语从句。其中what引导的从句的谓语动词是have shown。

is (just) 主句的谓语。

how fast things are changing 表语从句。其中how引导的从句的谓语动词是are changing。


妙语点睛　我们看到，在第一个句子中，与连词that对应的谓语动词是are being overfished，而主句的谓语是has been known。这里第二个句子是一个“嵌套”式的主系表结构，主语是what引导的从句what researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown，表语是how引导的从句how fast things are changing。它们各自都有对应的谓语动词：what引导的从句的谓语是have shown，而how引导的从句的谓语是are changing。主句的谓语是is。

精品译文　海洋正在被人们过度捕捞，许多年以来这已是尽人皆知的事实了。研究人员（如Ransom Myers和Boris Worm）所揭示的仅仅是情况变化得多么迅速。

当然，这种名词从句的“嵌套结构”里面还可以带有定语从句或者是状语从句，这样就形成了三大从句的“嵌套结构”。比如下面这个例句：

2　No one is in the least interest in the marks a little child gets on his test; what we are interested in is whether we can conclude from his mark on the test that the child will do better or worse than other children of his age at tasks which we think require "general intelligence".

图解难句



宾语从句的结构图示：



妙语点睛　这里的从句关系有些复杂，所以我们要抓住“连词与动词的配比原则”来断句。总体来说，这个句子是一个主系表结构，主语是what引导的从句what we are interested in，即是一个主语从句，其谓语动词是are。表语是whether引导的从句whether we can conclude from his mark on the test that the child will do better or worse than other children of his age at tasks which we think require "general intelligence"，即是一个表语从句，其谓语动词是can conclude。这个表语从句较为复杂，具体来说，表语从句的谓语conclude后面带了一个that引导的宾语从句that the child will do better or worse than other children of his age at tasks。这里的比较结构than other children of his age分隔了better or worse与at的语义搭配，实际上本来应该是do better or worse...at tasks。这里than引导的是一个比较状语从句。在tasks后面带有一个定语从句which we think require "general intelligence"。这里特别要注意的是，定语从句的谓语是require，而we think是插入语。关于定语从句的插入语，请参看第二章“定语从句”中的2.17节。总之，这个句子含有的从句包括（以及连词与从句的谓语动词的配对关系是）：主语从句（what...are），表语从句（whether...can conclude），宾语从句（that...will do），比较状语从句（than...do，这个do被省略了）以及定语从句（which...require）。

精品译文　我们对一个小孩在考试中取得的分数并不感兴趣，我们所感兴趣的是我们是否能够从他们的考试分数中作出判断：这个孩子在我们认为需要“一般智商”的练习任务中的表现是否将会好于或差于其他同龄孩子。

思维总结

要求能熟练使用“连词与动词的配比原则”来分析结构复杂的从句。

思维训练

Exercise 1.6

请分析下面句子结构，然后译成地道汉语。

1. On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news.

2. Initially I had doubted their claim, knowing for a fact that the center was located somewhere in New England.

3. On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning.

写给读者的话

一、本章学习思路

名词从句是三大从句中最为简单的。虽然如此，但笔者记得自己第一次学习名词从句时，常常搞不清楚什么是主语从句、什么是同位语从句等等，也常常混淆各个连词比如that，what和which在用法上的区别。后来笔者发现了名词从句的本质特点之后，一切就变得非常简单明了。比如that和what的区别：因为that是后来添加到陈述句上的，所以当然不会在从句中充当成分；而what本来就是疑问句中的疑问词，是不可或缺的成分。因而，二者在用法上当然有巨大的差别。因此，以后若对名词从句感到模糊不清，读者只要从名词从句的本质——三种句子充当四种成分出发，一切问题便会迎刃而解。在具体学习时，主要是抓住两点：一是名词从句的位置特点，比如that引导的主语从句一般是置于句末的，宾语从句的各种位置关系，同位语从句可能与先行词被分隔等；二是名词从句的各个引导词在用法上的区别，尤其是that，what和which用法的区别，这是各类考试经常出题考查的地方。

总之，读者只要真正吃透了名词从句的本质，并以此为中心，然后抓住两个“基本点”，即从句的位置和从句连词用法的区别，也就是笔者所谓的“一个中心，两个基本点”，那么名词从句就变得非常简单了。

二、本章重点及难点

本章的重点内容包括：认识名词从句的本质（1.1.1小节），that引导的主语从句的各种句型（1.2.1小节），宾语从句的各种位置特点（1.3.1-1.3.6小节），同位语从句的三种结构（1.5.1-1.5.3小节），“连词与动词的配比原则”（1.6.2小节）。其中，如果真正用好了“连词与动词的配比原则”，会极大地有助于我们分析复杂难句。而这是一个难点，不是一日之功，需要多加训练。此外，同位语从句与先行词被分隔的结构也可能会给句子的理解造成障碍，读者也要特别小心。

三、本章学习时间安排

本章内容不多，从阅读、理解各章节内容到完成所有的练习，大约可以安排三天到一周的时间。当然读者可以根据自己的英语水平，适当安排时间来学习。这里要强调的是，每学习完一部分内容，读者应该停下来思考一下，看看自己是否真正理解了这部分内容，而这可以通过每节后面的练习来检验。笔者建议读者不要一气呵成地读完所有内容，而不做练习。所以，要踏踏实实地学，不要囫囵吞枣、急于求成。尤其是英语基础不太好的读者，更应该多练习、勤思考！

综合练习

1. 选择最佳答案填空。

1. If you had told me just 　　　 I was to do they would never have found fault with my handling of the case.

A. that

B. what

C. which

D. whatever

2. 　　　 the London Zoo will adopt as a measurement at the critical moment is to try all ways preserving the animals in the zoo.

A. That

B. What

C. It's

D. Whether

3. How close parents are to their children 　　　 a strong influence on the character of the children.

A. have

B. has

C. having

D. to have

4. 　　　 that snow men were often spotted on the mountainside above 7, 000 meters by the local inhabitants.

A. It was used to be saying

B. It used to be said

C. It used to say

D. It was used to saying

5. The problem now is 　　　 we can adopt to overcome the difficulties in shortage of funds.

A. what measure

B. that measure

C. measure that

D. measure which

6. 　　　 theories approximate the truth is the day-to-day business of science.

A. Determining how closely

B. How closely to determine

C. How one determines close

D. One is close to determining

7. 　　　 the students think it their duty to study hard has laid the foundation for the university's high reputation.

A. That all

B. What

C. All that

D. What all

8. It's doubtful 　　　 the government of that country can accept them as permanent residents.

A. whether

B. that

C. how

D. what

9. It has always puzzled me 　　　 the old man tied a red silk ribbon on the young tree in his courtyard.

A. that

B. why

C. where

D. what

10. 　　　 was the "curiosity of all mankind to explore the unknown".

A. That moved the human spirit

B. What moved the human spirit

C. What the human spirit moved

D. Which moved the human spirit

11. 　　　 the mass of the nucleus is slightly less than the total mass of the protons and neutrons which made up the nucleus.

A. It found that

B. It was found that

C. It was found for

D. It finds that

12. His success was due to 　　　 he had been working hard.

A. that

B. the fact which

C. the fact that

D. the fact of

13. 　　　 makes mistakes must correct them.

A. What

B. That

C. Whoever

D. Whatever

14. He works too hard. That is 　　　 is wrong with him.

A. that which

B. that what

C. what

D. the thing what

15. The reason why I plan to go is 　　　 if I don't.

A. because she will disappoint

B. that she will be disappointed

C. because she will have been disappointed

D. for she will be disappointed

16. A: "What is that building?"

B: "　　　 the garden equipment is stored."

A. There's in which

B. That's where

C. The building that

D. That's the building which

17. You can take 　　　 room you prefer.

A. to what

B. whichever

C. that

D. who

18. Free movie tickets will be given to 　　　 comes first.

A. whoever

B. whomever

C. whichever

D. whatever

19. We agreed to accept 　　　 they thought was the best tourist guide.

A. whatever

B. whomever

C. whichever

D. whoever

20. Yet no firm evidence had come to light 　　　 the men arrested were actually responsible.

A. which

B. as

C. what

D. that

21. 　　　 that as both birds and mammals become larger, their metabolic rates per unit of tissue decrease, and they generally live longer.

A. The truth

B. It is true

C. If true

D. To be true

22. 　　　 is the center of our planetary system was a difficult concept to grasp in the Middle Ages.

A. It is the sun and not the earth

B. Being the sun and not the earth

C. The sun and not the earth

D. That the sun and not the earth

23. It is a widely held theory 　　　 the ancestral prototype of the flowering Asterales was a woody plant, perhaps a small tree.

A. where

B. until

C. while

D. that

24. 　　　 that his story may be a fabrication?

A. Was it ever dawned upon you

B. Have they ever dawned upon you

C. Do they ever dawned upon you

D. Has it ever dawned upon you

25. 　　　 he was the assassin.

A. It had never occurred to me that

B. He had occurred that

C. To him occurred that

D. What occurred to him was

26. The question is 　　　 can be put into practice.

A. how you have learned

B. how that you have learned

C. that why you have learned

D. how what you have learned

27. 　　　 the trainer wanted to tell is 　　　 Asian elephants are easier to tame than African ones.

A. That, those

B. What, that

C. What, the

D. That, which

28. When reports came into London Zoo 　　　 a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London, they were not taken seriously.

A. what

B. as

C. which

D. that

29. The quantum theory states 　　　, such as light, is given off and absorbed in tiny definite units called quanta or photons.

A. energy that

B. that it is energy

C. it is energy

D. that energy

30. In the fourteenth century, 　　　 that glass coated with silver nitrate would turn yellow when fired in an oven.

A. the discovery

B. it was discovered

C. with the discovery

D. if it was discovered

31. The early feminist leader Susan B. Anthony became increasingly aware through her work in the temperance movement 　　　 the same rights as men.

A. women were not granted that

B. that women were not granted

C. not granted women that were

D. that were not granted women

32. The early years of the United States government were characterized by a debate concerning 　　　 or individual states should have more power.

A. whether the federal government

B. either the federal government

C. that the federal government

D. the federal government

33. When I try to understand 　　　 that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect, it seems to me that there are two causes.

A. why it does

B. what it does

C. what it is

D. why it is

34. Fossils records indicate 　　　 existing in the past have become extinct.

A. that many species of organisms

B. many species of organisms that are

C. many species of organism are

D. there are many organisms

35. According to some educators, the goal of teaching is to help students learn what 　　　 to know to live a well-adjusted and successful life.

A. do they need

B. they need

C. they are needed

D. as they may need

2. 辨别改错。

36. Nutritionists (A) believe what (B) diet affects how (C) one feels physically (D) and emotionally.

37. Is there any proof (A) which (B) the food of the plant differs (C) from that of (D) animals?

38. A man cannot be really happy if that (A) he enjoys doing is ignored (B) by society as of (C) no value or importance (D) .

39. More and more people have realized (A) such (B) a fact of (C) heart diseases are related to (D) the way people live.

40. Widely acknowledged as a great (A) and important playwright, Eugene O'Neill brought to the United States stage it (B) was probably its first really (C) serious drama (D) .

41. We consider necessary (A) that (B) the instrument should (C) be adjusted each time (D) .





第二章　定语从句



说到定语从句，大家一定不陌生。在《英语语法新思维中级教程——通悟语法》里我们也讨论过定语从句。不过，中级主要是介绍了常见的定语从句关系词的用法，以帮助读者了解定语从句的简单结构。在本章中，我们将更加深入地探讨定语从句。讨论的主题包括下列18节内容：

2.1　先行词的结构特点

2.2　先行词的位置特点

2.3　如何判断先行词

2.4　与先行词有关的考点

2.5　关系代词which/that/who/whom

2.6　关系代词whose

2.7　介词＋关系代词

2.8　关系代词as

2.9　关系代词than

2.10　关系代词but

2.11　缩合关系代词what

2.12　关系副词when

2.13　关系副词where

2.14　关系副词why

2.15　关系副词有how吗？

2.16　带有插入语的定语从句

2.17　并列定语从句

2.18　双层定语从句





从以上各节内容我们看到，先行词和关系词是定语从句的两个重要概念，定语从句的核心内容就是围绕先行词和关系词展开的。

对于定语从句，最重要的是要搞清楚它所修饰的对象，即先行词。所以在本章中，前面四节内容都是围绕先行词展开的。正确理解定语从句的关键就是“找到先行词”，这是因为只有先正确地找出先行词，才能明白定语从句所修饰的真正成分是什么，这样才能正确理解句子前后各部分的逻辑关系，分清句子结构，从而正确理解句子的意思。下面就全方位地介绍“先行词”，先来探讨先行词的结构特点。





2.1　先行词的结构特点

尽管我们把定语从句所修饰的对象称之为先行词（antecedent），但先行词并不一定都是一个“单词”。其实，在英文中，被定语从句所修饰的对象叫做antecedent，英文中对这个词的解释是the word, phrase, or clause to which a pronoun refers，即表示“代词所指代的词、短语或从句”，所以先行词可以是一个词、短语、分句或者独立的句子等。

2.1.1　先行词是一个词

先行词可以是一个单词，通常是名词，也可以是代词。比如在下面这个句子中，都是名词作为被修饰的先行词。这是影星奥黛丽·赫本（Audrey Hepburn）谈到女人的美时，说的一番话：

1　The beauty of a woman is not in the clothes she wears, the figure that she carries, or the way she combs her hair. The beauty of a woman must be seen from in her eyes, because that is the doorway to her heart, the place where love resides.

妙语点睛　我们看到，这里的四个定语从句所修饰的先行词都是单个的名词，即clothes, figure, way和place。具体来说就是：she wears修饰clothes，that she carries修饰figure，she combs her hair修饰way，where love resides修饰place。

精品译文　女人的美，不是来自于她所穿的衣服，或她的身材，或她梳头的样子，而是来自于她的眼睛，因为透过眼睛，我们能看到她的心灵，一个充满爱心的所在。

很喜欢奥黛丽·赫本的这番话，说明了女人真正的美在于心灵，要有一颗爱心。

先行词除了可以是名词外，还可以是代词，主要包括：人称代词he（其他人称代词不可以），指示代词that/those，不定代词one等。请看例句：

2　There is this difference between happiness and wisdom: he who thinks himself the happiest man really is so; but he who thinks himself the wisest is generally the greatest fool.

妙语点睛　我们看到，这里的两个定语从句的先行词都是代词he。注意：这里的he不是具体指某个人，而是表示泛指。一般来讲，人称代词后面是不能接定语从句的，比如我们不能说We who think ourselves...*，或You who think yourself...*等等，因为人称代词已经表达了一个完整的意思，不需要任何定语从句来修饰。但人称代词若是表示泛指，则可以接定语从句来进行修饰，如这里的he相当于说anyone。

精品译文　幸福与智慧的区别在于：认为自己最幸福的人，他真的就是最幸福；而认为自己最智慧的人，却往往是最大的傻瓜。

我们来看指示代词作先行词的例句：

3　Only those who have the patience to do simple things perfectly will acquire the skill to do difficult things easily.

妙语点睛　这里的those指人，作先行词，被定语从句who have the patience to do simple things perfectly所修饰。

精品译文　只有那些有耐心将简单的事情做得完美的人，才能学会轻松地做好难事的本领。

我们来看不定代词one作先行词的例句：

4　A rich person is not one who has the most, but is one who needs the least.

妙语点睛　这里的两个定语从句who has the most和who needs the least都是修饰先行词one的，这里的one指人。

精品译文　一个富有的人，并不是因为他拥有的最多，而是因为他需要的最少。